Microorganisms in Soils

Roles in Genesis and Functions

By: Francois Buscot (Editor), Ajit Varma (Editor)

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Hardcover | 15 December 2004 | Edition Number 3

At a Glance

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444 Pages

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23.39 x 15.6 x 2.54

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Soils would not exist without the complex and heterogeneous activities of microorganisms. For the third volume of Soil Biology, an international board of renowned scientists shed light on the significant role of these organisms. The following key topics are covered: Microorganisms in bioerosion, humification, mineralization and soil aggregation; Microbial energetics and microbes in biogeochemical processes such as carbon and nitrogen cycles and phosphorus bio-availability; Interactions in the mycorrhizosphere, e.g. between mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria; Impact of microbes on plant nutrient cycling and the possible effects of transgenic rhizospheres on soil fungi; Functions of microbes in specific soil compartments such as soil surface or toxic metal polluted soils; Regulation of microbial activities in functional domains that are influenced by biotic or abiotic factors; Use of marker genes and isotopes as examples for modern techniques in soil microbiology.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews of the first edition:

"This volume is a collection of 18 review articles on a range of topics in soil biology. ... The theme of this volume reflects some current and well established topics in soil biology. ... This book is ... valuable to readers with some knowledge of soil science, but with only basic training in biology, who wish to increase their understanding of aspects of soil biology." (D. W. Hopkins, European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 57, December, 2006)

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Non-Fiction Science Biology, Life Sciences Microbiology excluding Medical Engineering & Technology Agriculture & Farming Agricultural Science Life Sciences in General Ecological Science Environmental Science Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning The Environment

Conservation of The Environment Earth Sciences Geology & The Lithosphere Soil Science

Introduction
What Are Soils?	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Soil Genesis	p. 4
Rock Weathering or Decay	p. 4
Importance of Soil Texture	p. 5
Input of Organic Matter into Soils and Aggregation	p. 7
Migration Processes	p. 8
Biogeochemical Processes in Soils	p. 8
Energy and Carbon	p. 8
Nitrogen and Phosphorus	p. 10
Biotic Interactions Involving Soil Microorganisms	p. 11
Competition Versus Facilitation	p. 11
The Example of Mycorrhizas	p. 12
Integrative Considerations on Functions of Microorganisms in Specific Soil Compartments	p. 13
Release ofTransgenic Organisms as a Toolto Trace Effects of Ecological Disruptions on Soil Microorganisms	p. 13
Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals as a More Complex Disruption	p. 14
Understanding Complex Functional Domains in Soil Habitats	p. 15
Conclusion or Back to Biodiversity of Soil Microbes	p. 15
References	p. 16
Microbial Diversity in Soils	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Origin of Microbial Diversity	p. 20
Oxygen Revolution	p. 21
Origin of the First Eukaryotes	p. 22
Types of Soil Microorganisms	p. 22
Eubacteria	p. 24
Archaebacteria	p. 29
Fungi	p. 31
Algae	p. 33
Microbial Diversity and Biological Spheres	p. 33
The Detritusphere	p. 34
The Drilosphere	p. 34
The Porosphere	p. 35
The Aggregatusphere	p. 35
The Rhizosphere	p. 36
Microbial Diversity and Chemical Transformation	p. 37
Nitrogen Transformation	p. 38
Phosphorus Transformation	p. 39
Sulfur Transformation	p. 41
Iron Transformation	p. 42
Microbial Diversity and Biotic Interactions	p. 42
Conclusion	p. 47
References	p. 49
Microorganisms and Soil Genesis
Role of Microorganisms in Wear Down of Rocks and Minerals	p. 59
Rock Weathering or Rock Wear Down?	p. 59
Carbon Dioxide and Rock Wear Down	p. 63
Balance of Carbon Dioxide Sources and Sinks	p. 68
Rock Wear Down as a Potential Carbon Dioxide Sink	p. 70
The Fractal Dimension of Biological Rock Wear Down	p. 71
Calcium Carbonate and Silicate Wear Down, Dissolution and Precipitation With Special Reference to Biological Rock Degradation	p. 74
Conclusions	p. 79
References	p. 80
Humification and Mineralization in Soils	p. 85
Definitions and Introduction	p. 85
Soil Organic Matter Resources	p. 86
Plant Compounds	p. 87
Microbial Compounds	p. 89
Black Carbon	p. 90
Mineralization and Humification Pathways	p. 91
Factors Affecting Decomposition and Mineralization	p. 92
Humification Processes	p. 95
Conclusions	p. 102
References	p. 104
Importance of Microorganisms for Soil Aggregation	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Evidence of the Role of Soil Microorganisms	p. 108
Microbial Metabolites Responsible for Soil Aggregation	p. 110
Polysaccharides	p. 110
Glomalin	p. 111
Lipids	p. 112
Manipulation of Microbially Mediated Processes to Improve Soil Aggregation	p. 113
The Rhizosphere Microbial Community	p. 113
Organic Residues	p. 113
Inoculation with Microorganisms	p. 114
Conclusion	p. 115
References	p. 115
Microorganisms and Biogeochemical Processes in Soils
Microbial Energetics in Soils	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Soil, Energy and Microorganisms	p. 124
Microbial Communities	p. 127
Microbial Metabolism in Soil	p. 129
Catabolism	p. 129
Anabolism	p. 131
Soil Organic C, Microbial C and Biological Active C and Interactions with N	p. 133
Holistic Approaches to Evaluate Energetic Strategies of Soil Microbial Communities	p. 133
Conclusions	p. 136
References	p. 136
Role of Microorganisms in Carbon Cycling in Soils
Introduction	p. 139
Carbon Sources	p. 140
Spatial Distribution and Protection of Carbon Sources	p. 142
Spatial Distribution of Soil Microorganisms and Their Activities	p. 143
Microorganisms and Enzymes Involved in C Cycling	p. 147
Dynamics of Organic Matter Decomposition in Agroecosystems	p. 148
Soil Organic Matter, Below-Ground Processes and Climate Change	p. 151
References	p. 153
Contribution of Bacteria to Initial Input and Cycling of Nitrogen in Soils	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Nitrogen Transformations in the Soil	p. 160
Bacteria Involved in the Nitrogen Cycle	p. 162
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria	p. 162
Nitrifiers	p. 164
Nitrate Reducers, Denitrifiers and Nitrite Ammonifiers	p. 165
Nitrogen Fluxes	p. 167
Biological Nitrogen Fixation	p. 168
Nitrogen Mineralization	p. 169
Nitrification	p. 169
Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium	p. 170
Denitrification	p. 171
References	p. 172
Influence of Microorganisms on Phosphorus Bioavailability in Soils	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Microbial Effects on Rhizodeposition	p. 177
Mechanisms of Microbial Influence on Phosphorus Availability	p. 179
Solubilization of Calcium Phosphates	p. 179
Mobilization of Iron- and Aluminum-Bound Phosphorus	p. 181
Influence on Phosphorus Diffusion	p. 182
Release of Phosphorus from Organic Sources	p. 183
Interactions Between Microorganisms and Higher Plants from Competition to Symbiosis	p. 184
Phosphorus-Mobilizing Microorganisms as Biofertilizers	p. 184
Conclusions	p. 187
References	p. 188
Biotic Interactions Involving Soil Microorganisms
Interactions Between Mycorrhizal Fungi and Bacteria to Improve Plant Nutrient Cycling and Soil Structure	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
Beneficial Bacteria and Fungi in Agro-and Natural Ecosystems	p. 196
Interactions Between Mycorrhizal Fungi and Symbiotic N₂-Fixing Rhizobial Bacteria	p. 197
Interactions Between Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria	p. 201
Interactions Between Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phytostimulators Azospirillum Bacteria	p. 204
Interactions Improving Soil Structure Stabilization	p. 205
Conclusions	p. 208
References	p. 208
Mycorrhizosphere: Strategies and Functions	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
The Rhizosphere	p. 214
Evolution ofthe Rhizosphere	p. 217
Anatomy of the Root Through the Eyes of a Microbiologist	p. 218
Production of Chemical Compounds in the Rhizosphere by Plant Roots	p. 220
Microbial Diversityin the Rhizosphere	p. 222
What Are Mycorrhizal Fungi?	p. 223
Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi	p. 224
Ectomycorrhiza	p. 224
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza	p. 224
Ericoid Mycorrhiza	p. 225
Arbutoid Mycorrhiza	p. 225
Monotropoid Mycorrhiza	p. 226
Ect-endomycorrhiza	p. 226
Orchidaceous Mycorrhiza	p. 226
Functions of Mycorrhizal Fungi	p. 227
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Relation to Soil pH	p. 228
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Relation to Heavy Metal Stress	p. 229
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Relation to Soil Salinity	p. 231
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Relation to Water and Drought Stress	p. 234
The Mycorrhizosphere	p. 235
Interactions in the Mycorrhizosphere	p. 237
Interactions at the Pre-Symbiotic Stage	p. 237
Interactions at the Post-Symbiotic Stage	p. 238
Interactions Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria	p. 239
Interactions Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and N₂-Fixing Bacteria	p. 239
Interactions Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria	p. 240
Interactions Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil-Borne Pathogens	p. 242
Conclusion	p. 242
References	p. 247
Interactions Between Microorganisms and Soil Micro- and Mesofauna	p. 253
Introduction	p. 253
Interactions in the Detritus Food Web	p. 255
Structure of the Decomposer Animal Community	p. 255
The Detritus vs. Root Exudate-Based Food Web	p. 257
The Bacterial vs. Fungal Food Chain	p. 259
The Role of Micro- and Mesofauna as Drivers of Microbial Decomposition Processes	p. 260
Feedbacks of Faunal-Microbial Interactions on Plant Growth	p. 262
The Bacterial Food Chain	p. 263
The Fungal Food Chain	p. 265
Conclusions	p. 267
References	p. 268
Function of Microbes in Specific Soil Compartments
Transgenic Rhizospheres of Crop Plants: Their Impact on Indigenous Soil Fungi	p. 279
Introduction	p. 279
Experiments with Saprotrophic and Mycorrhizal Fungi	p. 281
Saprotrophic Microfungi	p. 281
Mycorrhizal Fungi	p. 283
Conclusions	p. 284
References	p. 287
Regulation of Microbial Activities in Functional Domains of Roots and Invertebrates	p. 291
Introduction	p. 291
Determinants of Microbial Activities: The Hierarchical Model	p. 291
Microbial Adaptive Strategies: The Sleeping Beauty Paradox	p. 293
Predation in Micro-Food Webs	p. 293
The External Rumen Strategy	p. 294
Internal Mutualisms in Earthworms and Termites	p. 295
Selection of Microflora in the Functional Domains of Soil Ecosystem Engineers	p. 296
Conclusion and Implications for Soil Management	p. 301
References	p. 302
Microorganisms of Biological Crusts on Soil Surfaces	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Oxygenic Phototrophs	p. 308
Cyanobacteria	p. 308
Algae	p. 313
Microlichens	p. 314
Heterotrophic Organisms	p. 316
Bacteria	p. 317
Microfungi	p. 317
Heterotrophic Protists and Invertebrate Animals	p. 319
Conclusions	p. 320
References	p. 320
Microorganisms in Toxic Metal-Polluted Soils	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
Metals in Soils	p. 326
Effects of Toxic Metals on Microbial Communities	p. 328
Metal Resistance and Tolerance Mechanisms	p. 332
Bacteria	p. 332
Fungi	p. 333
Microbial Transformations of Toxic Metals	p. 335
Mobilization	p. 335
Immobilization	p. 337
Metalloid Transformations	p. 339
Biomineralogy of Metal-Microbe Interactions	p. 340
Mycorrhizas	p. 342
Bioremediation	p. 343
Phytoremediation	p. 343
Conclusions	p. 344
References	p. 345
Techniques to Investigate Soil Microorganisms
Marker Genes in Soil Microbiology	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
Definition of Marker Genes and Their First Applications in Soil Microbiology	p. 360
Ribosomal RNA as an Intrinsic Marker	p. 362
Polymerase Chain Reaction and Soil-Extracted Nucleic Acids	p. 363
Cloning, Sequencing and Profiling Marker Genes from Soil	p. 364
Structural and Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities as Seen with Intrinsic Marker Genes	p. 367
Expression of Intrinsic Marker Genes and Detection of Gene Transfer Potentials	p. 369
Recombinant Marker Genes	p. 370
Detection of In Situ Gene Transfer and Gene Expression with RecombinantMarker Genes	p. 372
Recombinant Marker Genes as Biosensors	p. 373
Conclusions and the Future of Marker Genes	p. 374
References	p. 375
Assessing Functions of Soil Microbes with Isotopic Measurements	p. 383
Introduction	p. 383
Natural Abundance Measurements	p. 384
Fungi	p. 385
Methane Cycling	p. 394
Using Isotopic Differences Between C₃ and C₄ Photosynthetic Pathways to Probe Microbial Carbon Sources	p. 395
Problems with Extrapolating Natural Abundance Cultures to the Field	p. 395
Compound-Specific Measurements and Isotopic Tracers	p. 396
Conclusions and Future Research	p. 397
References	p. 398
Subject Index	p. 403
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Microorganisms in Soils

Roles in Genesis and Functions

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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