| Microrheology | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Active Microrheology Methods | p. 2 |
| Magnetic Manipulation Techniques | p. 3 |
| Optical Tweezers Measurements | p. 8 |
| Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques | p. 14 |
| Passive Microrheology Methods | p. 18 |
| Practical Applications of One-Particle Microrheology | p. 28 |
| Two-Particle Microrheology | p. 30 |
| Summary | p. 33 |
| Appendix: Descriptions of Experimental Apparati | p. 34 |
| Dynamic Light Scattering | p. 35 |
| Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy | p. 38 |
| Video Microscopy | p. 39 |
| Obtaining | p. 42 |
| References | p. 44 |
| Micron-Resolution Particle Image Velocimetry | p. 51 |
| Introduction | p. 51 |
| Theory of µPIV | p. 53 |
| In-Plane Spatial Resolution Limits | p. 53 |
| Out-of-Plane Spatial Resolution | p. 55 |
| Particle Visibility | p. 57 |
| Particle/Fluid Dynamics | p. 60 |
| Brownian Motion | p. 62 |
| Saffman Effect | p. 65 |
| Typical Micro-PIV Hardware Implementation | p. 66 |
| Algorithms and Processing for µPIV | p. 67 |
| Processing Methods Most Suitable for µPIV | p. 68 |
| Overlapping of LID-PIV Recordings | p. 68 |
| Correlation Averaging Method | p. 70 |
| Processing Methods Suitable for Both Micro/Macro PIV | p. 73 |
| Central Difference Interrogation | p. 74 |
| Image Correction Technique | p. 75 |
| Application Examples of µPIV | p. 76 |
| Flow in a Microchannel | p. 76 |
| Flow in a Micronozzle | p. 82 |
| Flow Around Blood Cell | p. 85 |
| Flow in Microfluidic Biochip | p. 87 |
| Extensions of the µPIV Technique | p. 89 |
| Microfluidic Nanoscope | p. 90 |
| Micro-Particle Image Thermometry | p. 96 |
| Infrared µPIV | p. 107 |
| Conclusions | p. 109 |
| References | p. 110 |
| Electrokinetic Flow Diagnostics | p. 113 |
| Theory | p. 114 |
| Electroosmosis | p. 115 |
| Electrophoresis | p. 119 |
| Similarity Between Electric Field and Velocity Field for Fluid.120 | |
| Diagnostics | p. 121 |
| Capillary Electrophoresis: Electrokinetic System Background | p. 121 |
| Simple Dye Visualization | p. 130 |
| Photobleached Fluorescence Visualization | p. 133 |
| Caged-Fluorescence Visualization | p. 137 |
| Particle Imaging Techniques | p. 141 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 149 |
| References | p. 150 |
| Micro- and Nano-Scale Diagnostic Techniques for Thermometry and Thermal Imaging of Microelectronic and Data Storage Devices. | p. 155 |
| Introduction | p. 155 |
| State-Of-Art Technologies and Relevant Thermal Phenomenon in Semiconductor Devices | p. 157 |
| State-Of-Art Technologies and Relevant Thermal Phenomena in Data Storage Technologies | p. 160 |
| Thermometry | p. 162 |
| Electrical Thermometry | p. 162 |
| Far-Field Optical Thermometry | p. 166 |
| Near-Field Thermometry Techniques | p. 175 |
| Summary and Recommendations | p. 188 |
| References | p. 189 |
| Nanoscale Mechanical Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes | p. 197 |
| Introduction | p. 197 |
| Instruments for Nanoscale Characterization | p. 198 |
| Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) | p. 198 |
| Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) | p. 199 |
| Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | p. 200 |
| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | p. 200 |
| New Tools for SEM201 | |
| New Tools for TEM | p. 206 |
| New Tools for AFM | p. 209 |
| Techniques for Nanoscale Mechanical Characterization of CNT | p. 211 |
| Tensile Testing Method | p. 211 |
| AFM Lateral Deflection and Indentation Method | p. 213 |
| Mechanical Resonance Method | p. 217 |
| Other Methods | p. 219 |
| Mechanical Engineering Applications of Individual CNTs for Actuation and Electromechanics | p. 221 |
| Conclusion and Future Directions | p. 222 |
| References | p. 223 |
| Applications of the Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Microdevice Development | p. 227 |
| Introduction | p. 227 |
| Properties of Piezoelectric Quartz | p. 228 |
| Theoretical Models | p. 229 |
| Theory for Thin Films and Purely Elastic Media | p. 230 |
| Example Calculation: Quartz Crystal Preparation | p. 231 |
| Transmission-Line Model | p. 232 |
| Theory for Purely Viscous Media | p. 233 |
| Theory for Viscoelastic Media | p. 234 |
| Theory Including Gases at Low Pressures | p. 235 |
| Theory Combining Mass (Thin Film) and Semi-continuous Fluid Loading | p. 236 |
| Theory Incorporating Slip at the Interface | p. 236 |
| Theory for Combined Viscous Film, Slip, and Semicontinuous Vapor | p. 237 |
| Equipment and Experimental Methods | p. 238 |
| Equipment | p. 238 |
| Experimental Considerations | p. 238 |
| Experimental Observations of Slip at Interfaces | p. 240 |
| Slip of Adsorbed Monolayers of Gases | p. 241 |
| Liquid Phase Slip | p. 242 |
| Measurement of Viscoelastic Properties of Films | p. 244 |
| Moduli Measurements | p. 244 |
| Solvent Dynamics | p. 244 |
| Tribology and Tribochemistry of Surfaces | p. 245 |
| Friction and Wear in MEMS | p. 245 |
| Combined QCM/Surface Probe Instruments | p. 246 |
| QCM Uses in Physiological Processes | p. 250 |
| Detection and Characterization of Cell Adhesion | p. 250 |
| Protein and Lipid Adsorption | p. 251 |
| References | p. 254 |
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