Setting Up Milestones: Sneath on Adanson and Mayr on Darwin | p. 1 |
Abstract | p. 1 |
Acknowledgments | p. 14 |
References | p. 15 |
Launching the Society of Systematic Zoology in 1947 | p. 19 |
Abstract | p. 19 |
Introduction | p. 19 |
Organizing the Society: 1946-1947 | p. 20 |
Analysis: Themes Motivating a Sense of Need | p. 25 |
Serving the Work of Day-to-Day Taxonomy | p. 25 |
Advancing the Principles of Systematic Zoology | p. 27 |
Offering a Service Role to Those Needing Taxonomic Expertise | p. 30 |
Representing Systematics within the Sciences | p. 31 |
Strong Support for Schmitt and Wharton | p. 34 |
Where Does Blackwelder's Narrative Fit? | p. 38 |
Conclusion | p. 43 |
Acknowledgments | p. 44 |
Archival Collections | p. 44 |
References | p. 44 |
Explanations in Systematics | p. 49 |
Abstract | p. 49 |
Introduction | p. 49 |
Fields within Evolutionary Biology | p. 50 |
Popper and Historical Analyses | p. 51 |
Explanations in Science | p. 52 |
Nomological-Deductive Explanations (N-DEs) | p. 52 |
Historical-Narrative Explanations (H-NEs) | p. 53 |
Degree of Confidence of Historical-Narrative Explanations | p. 54 |
Conclusions | p. 55 |
References | p. 56 |
What Happens When the Language of Science Threatens to Break Down in Systematics: A Popperian Perspective | p. 57 |
Abstract | p. 57 |
Introduction | p. 57 |
The Language of Science | p. 58 |
The Problem of Induction | p. 61 |
Universal Propositions and Singular Statements | p. 63 |
Individuals | p. 65 |
Testability in Systematics | p. 67 |
Basic Statements | p. 67 |
Universal versus Singular (Basic) Statements in Systematics | p. 69 |
Parsimony as a Method of Systematics | p. 73 |
Parsimony, Hierarchy and ad hoc Auxiliary Hypotheses | p. 75 |
The Test of Congruence | p. 81 |
Likelihood | p. 84 |
Sophisticated Methodological Falsificationism and the Sociology of Science | p. 86 |
The Basic Problem of Systematics | p. 89 |
Synthesis | p. 90 |
Acknowledgments | p. 92 |
References | p. 92 |
An Exercise in the Logic of Phylogenetic Systematics | p. 96 |
Explanation | p. 96 |
Justification | p. 96 |
Descent | p. 97 |
The True Tree | p. 99 |
Hennig's Phylogenetic Systematics Brought Up to Date | p. 101 |
Abstract | p. 101 |
Introduction | p. 101 |
What is Missing from Hennig's Original Methodological Repertoire? | p. 102 |
Character Weighting | p. 103 |
The Criterion of Parsimony | p. 104 |
Outgroup Comparison | p. 105 |
Unrooted Topologies | p. 106 |
Distance Methods | p. 106 |
Phylogenetic Cladistics: The Synthesis between Hennig's Method and Numerical Cladistics | p. 107 |
Phenetic Cladistics: Elegant Analyses with Many Sources of Errors | p. 109 |
The Necessity of a priori Weighting: Why is Character Quality the Same as Probability of Homology? | p. 113 |
A Theoretical Basis for a priori Character Weighting | p. 115 |
Discussion | p. 118 |
Acknowledgments | p. 122 |
References | p. 122 |
Cladistics: Its Arrested Development | p. 127 |
Abstract | p. 127 |
Introduction | p. 127 |
Numerical Taxonomy | p. 127 |
Paleontology | p. 127 |
Cladistics | p. 128 |
Two Dinosaurs and the Bird | p. 129 |
Paleontology of the Parts | p. 130 |
Spezialisationskreuzungen or Its Chevauchement | p. 131 |
Lungfishes : From Dollo to White to Miles' Stones | p. 132 |
Heterobathmie | p. 133 |
Merkmalsphylogenie | p. 133 |
Optimization as Idealistic Morphology | p. 134 |
Geography: Where Progression Would Rule | p. 134 |
More on Optimization | p. 135 |
Biggest Is Best Is Truest Is Biggest Is ... | p. 138 |
The Buddha and the Bonaparte | p. 139 |
Acknowledgments | p. 140 |
References | p. 140 |
Systematics and Paleontology | p. 149 |
Abstract | p. 149 |
Introduction | p. 149 |
Nineteenth Century | p. 150 |
Early Twentieth Century | p. 159 |
Mid-Twentieth Century | p. 165 |
Late Twentieth Century | p. 168 |
Current Debates | p. 171 |
Conclusions | p. 175 |
Acknowledgments | p. 175 |
References | p. 175 |
Parsimony and Computers | p. 181 |
Abstract | p. 181 |
Historical Introduction | p. 181 |
The Reconstruction of Evolution | p. 182 |
The Principle of Minimum Evolution | p. 183 |
The Influence of Traditional Procedures | p. 185 |
Maximum Likelihood | p. 186 |
Extremum Principles in Science | p. 186 |
Epilogue | p. 188 |
References | p. 188 |
Homologues and Homology, Phenetics and Cladistics: 150 Years of Progress | p. 191 |
Abstract | p. 191 |
Introduction | p. 191 |
Owen's Milestone: Homologues and Homology, Analogues and Analogy | p. 192 |
Homologues and Analogues | p. 192 |
Homology and Analogy | p. 193 |
Homoplasy | p. 198 |
Patterson's Milestone: Taxic and Transformational Homology | p. 202 |
Recognizing Homologues and Transformational Homology | p. 202 |
Recognizing Taxa and Taxic Homology | p. 204 |
The Numerical Representation of Homology | p. 206 |
The Analysis of Homologues | p. 209 |
Transformational Homology | p. 209 |
Taxic Homologues | p. 210 |
Nelson's Milestone: Homology as Relationship | p. 211 |
Discussion | p. 214 |
Acknowledgments | p. 215 |
References | p. 216 |
From Dispersal to Geographic Congruence: Comments on Cladistic Biogeography in the Twentieth Century | p. 225 |
Abstract | p. 225 |
Introduction | p. 225 |
External Forces | p. 227 |
Global Plate Tectonics | p. 227 |
Cladistics | p. 229 |
Internal Forces | p. 232 |
Historical Biogeography | p. 233 |
Discussion | p. 248 |
Narrative Scenarios | p. 248 |
Analytical Methods | p. 249 |
Conclusion: The Future | p. 251 |
Acknowledgments | p. 251 |
Reference | p. 251 |
The Fall and Rise of Evolutionary Developmental Biology | p. 261 |
Abstract | p. 261 |
Introduction | p. 261 |
What is Evolutionary Developmental Biology? | p. 262 |
Merging Together and Drifting Apart | p. 263 |
The Rise of Evolutionary Developmental Biology | p. 264 |
Technical Advances | p. 265 |
Molecular Phylogenetics | p. 268 |
Discovery of Conserved Developmental Genes | p. 269 |
From Pairwise Comparison to Evolutionary Biology: 1990 Onward | p. 270 |
Conclusions | p. 271 |
Acknowledgments | p. 272 |
References | p. 272 |
Index | p. 277 |
Series List | p. 287 |
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