About the Editors xiii Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
List of Abbreviations xix
List of Contributors xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Market and Technology Trends 1
1.2 Technology Evolution 3
1.3 Development of IMT-Advanced and Beyond 6
References 8
2 Radio Resource Management 11
2.1 Overview of Radio Resource Management 11
2.2 Resource Allocation in IMT-Advanced Technologies 13
2.2.1 Main IMT-Advanced Characteristics 13
2.2.2 Scheduling 16
2.2.3 Interference Management 16
2.2.4 Carrier Aggregation 18
2.2.5 MBMS Transmission 18
2.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation 19
2.3.1 Resource Allocation and Packet Scheduling Using Utility Theory 19
2.3.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 22
2.3.3 Multiuser Resource Allocation Maximizing the UE QoS 24
2.3.4 Optimization Problems and Performance 26
2.4 Interference Coordination in Mobile Networks 26
2.4.1 Power Control 27
2.4.2 Resource Partitioning 28
2.4.3 MIMO Busy Burst for Interference Avoidance 33
2.5 Efficient MBMS Transmission 35
2.5.1 MBMS Transmission 36
2.5.2 Performance Assessment 37
2.6 Future Directions of RRM Techniques 39
References 40
3 Carrier Aggregation 43
3.1 Basic Concepts 43
3.2 ITU-R Requirements and Implementation in Standards 45
3.3 Evolution Towards Future Technologies 48
3.3.1 Channel Coding 48
3.3.2 Scheduling 51
3.3.3 Channel Quality Indicator 53
3.3.4 Additional Research Directions 54
3.4 Cognitive Radio Enabling Dynamic/Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 55
3.4.1 Spectrum Sharing and Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 56
3.4.2 Spectrum Awareness 58
3.4.3 Cognitive Component Carrier Identification, Selection and Mobility 59
3.5 Implications for Signaling and Architecture 59
3.6 Hardware and Legal Limitations 60
References 61
4 Spectrum Sharing 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Literature Overview 64
4.2.1 Spectrum Sharing from a Game Theoretic Perspective 66
4.2.2 Femtocells 67
4.3 Spectrum Sharing with Game Theory 68
4.3.1 Noncooperative Case 68
4.3.2 Hierarchical Case 69
4.4 Spectrum Trading 70
4.4.1 Revenue and Cost Function for the Offering Operator 73
4.4.2 Numerical Results 74
4.5 Femtocells and Opportunistic Spectrum Usage 75
4.5.1 Femtocells and Standardization 77
4.5.2 Self-Organized Femtocells 79
4.5.3 Beacon-Based Femtocells 81
4.5.4 Femtocells with Intercell Interference Coordination 82
4.5.5 Femtocells with Game Theory 83
4.6 Conclusion, Discussion and Future Research 84
4.6.1 Future Research 85
References 86
5 Multiuser MIMO Systems 89
5.1 MIMO Fundamentals 89
5.1.1 System Model 91
5.1.2 Point-to-Point MIMO Communications 92
5.1.3 Multiuser MIMO Communications 96
5.1.4 MIMO with Interference 100
5.2 MIMO in LTE-Advanced and 802.16m 101
5.2.1 LTE-Advanced 102
5.2.2 WiMAX Evolution 104
5.3 Generic Linear Precoding with CSIT 104
5.3.1 Transmitter-Receiver Design 105
5.3.2 Transceiver Design with Interference Nulling 110
5.4 CSI Acquisition for Multiuser MIMO 112
5.4.1 Limited Feedback 112
5.4.2 CSI Sounding 113
5.5 Future Directions of MIMO Techniques 114
References 115
6 Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) Systems 121
6.1 Overview of CoMP 121
6.1.1 CoMP Types 122
6.1.2 Architectures and Clustering 123
6.1.3 Theoretical Performance Limits and Implementation Constraints 126
6.2 CoMP in the Standardization Bodies 129
6.2.1 Overview of CoMP Studies 129
6.2.2 Design Choices for a CoMP Functionality 131
6.3 Generic System Model for Downlink CoMP 133
6.3.1 SINR for Linear Transmissions 133
6.3.2 Compact Matricial Model 134
6.4 Joint Processing Techniques 134
6.4.1 State of the Art 135
6.4.2 Potential of Joint Processing 136
6.4.3 Dynamic Joint Processing 137
6.4.4 Uplink Joint Processing 141
6.5 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling Techniques 142
6.5.1 State of the Art 142
6.5.2 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 143
6.5.3 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 145
6.6 Practical Implementation of CoMP in a Trial Environment 147
6.6.1 Setup and Scenarios 149
6.6.2 Measurement Results 149
6.7 Future Directions 151
References 152
7 Relaying for IMT-Advanced 157
7.1 An Overview of Relaying 157
7.1.1 Relay Evolution 158
7.1.2 Relaying Deployment Scenarios 159
7.1.3 Relaying Protocol Strategies 160
7.1.4 Half Duplex and Full Duplex Relaying 162
7.1.5 Numerical Example 162
7.2 Relaying in the Standard Bodies 164
7.2.1 Relay Types in LTE-Advanced Rel-10 164
7.2.2 Relay Nodes in IEEE 802.16m 166
7.3 Comparison of Relaying and CoMP 166
7.3.1 Protocols and Resource Management 167
7.3.2 Simulation Results 169
7.4 In-band RNs versus Femtocells 171
7.5 Cooperative Relaying for Beyond IMT-Advanced 173
7.6 Relaying for beyond IMT-Advanced 176
7.6.1 Multihop RNs 176
7.6.2 Mobile Relay 177
7.6.3 Network Coding 177
References 177
8 Network Coding in Wireless Communications 181
8.1 An Overview of Network Coding 181
8.1.1 Historical Background 182
8.1.2 Types of Network Coding 183
8.1.3 Applications of Network Coding 183
8.2 Uplink Network Coding 188
8.2.1 Detection Strategies 188
8.2.2 User Grouping 190
8.2.3 Relay Selection 191
8.2.4 Performance 192
8.2.5 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 194
8.3 Nonbinary Network Coding 194
8.3.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 195
8.3.2 Nonbinary NC for Multiuser and Multirelay 196
8.3.3 Performance 197
8.3.4 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 198
8.4 Network Coding for Broadcast and Multicast 199
8.4.1 Efficient Broadcast Network Coding Scheme 200
8.4.2 Performance 201
8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 202
References 203
9 Device-to-Device Communication 207
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 State of the Art 208
9.2.1 In Standards 208
9.2.2 In Literature 210
9.3 Device-to-Device Communication as Underlay to Cellular Networks 211
9.3.1 Session Setup 212
9.3.2 D2D Transmit Power 214
9.3.3 Multiantenna Techniques 215
9.3.4 Radio Resource Management 220
9.4 Future Directions 225
References 228
10 The End-to-end Performance of LTE-Advanced 231
10.1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation: ITU Process, Scenarios and Requirements 231
10.1.1 ITU-R Process for IMT-Advanced 232
10.1.2 Evaluation Scenarios 234
10.1.3 Performance Requirements 235
10.2 Short Introduction to LTE-Advanced Features 238
10.2.1 The WINNER+ Evaluation Group Assessment Approach 238
10.3 Performance of LTE-Advanced 239
10.3.1 3GPP Self-evaluation 239
10.3.2 Simulative Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 241
10.3.3 LTE-Advanced Performance in the Rural Indian Open Area Scenario 243
10.4 Channel Model Implementation and Calibration 243
10.4.1 IMT-Advanced Channel Model 243
10.4.2 Calibration of Large-Scale Parameters 246
10.4.3 Calibration of Small-Scale Parameters 247
10.5 Simulator Calibration 248
10.6 Conclusion and Outlook on the IMT-Advanced Process 249
References 250
11 Future Directions 251
11.1 Radio Resource Allocation 252
11.2 Heterogeneous Networks 252
11.3 MIMO and CoMP 253
11.4 Relaying and Network Coding 254
11.5 Device-to-Device Communications 254
11.6 Green and Energy Efficiency 255
References 256
Appendices 259
Appendix A Resource Allocation 261
A.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation 261
A.1.1 Utility Predictive Scheduler 261
A.1.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 261
A.2 Multiuser Resource Allocation 263
A.2.1 PHY/MAC Layer Model 263
A.2.2 APP Layer Model 263
A.2.3 Optimization Problem 264
A.2.4 Simulation Results 265
A.3 Busy Burst Extended to MIMO 266
A.4 Efficient MBMS Transmission 267
A.4.1 Service Operation 267
A.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Performance 268
Appendix B Spectrum Awareness 269
B.1 Spectrum Sensing 269
B.2 Geo-Location Databases 270
B.3 Beacon Signaling 270
Appendix C CoordinatedMultiPoint (CoMP) 271
C.1 Joint Processing Methods 271
C.1.1 Partial Joint Processing 271
C.1.2 Dynamic Base Station Clustering 271
C.2 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling 273
C.2.1 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 273
C.2.2 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 276
C.3 Test-Bed: Distributed Realtime Implementation 276
Appendix D Network Coding 281
D.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 281
D.2 Multiuser and Multirelay Scenario 282
Appendix E LTE-Advanced Analytical Performance and Peak Spectral Efficiency 285
E.1 Analytical and Inspection Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 285
E.1.1 Analytical Evaluation 285
E.1.2 Inspection 286
E.2 Peak Spectral Efficiency Calculation 287
E.2.1 FDD Mode Downlink Direction 287
E.2.2 FDD Mode Uplink Direction 288
E.2.3 TDD Mode Downlink Direction 289
E.2.4 TDD Mode Uplink Direction 291
E.2.5 Comparison with Self-Evaluation 292
References 292
Index 295
