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Modern Biogeochemistry

Environmental Risk Assessment

By: Vladimir N. Bashkin

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Hardcover | 31 August 2006 | Edition Number 2

At a Glance

Hardcover
464 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 15.88 x 1.91

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$329.75

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At present, quantitative ecological risk assessment is widely used in different contexts, however very often without an understanding of the natural mechanisms that drive the processes of environmental and human risk. Its application is often accompanied by high uncertainty about risk values. On the other hand, the sustainability of modern technoecosystems is known because of their natural biogeochemical cycling that has been transformed to various extents by anthropogenic studies. Accordingly our understanding of the principal mechanisms that drive the biogeochemical food webs allows us to present a quantitative ecological risk assessment and to propose technological solutions for management of various ERA enterprises. It also enables us to devise a powerful mechanism for ecological insurance, to assign responsibilities and protect rights while managing the control of damage from natural and anthropogenic accidents and catastrophes.

Industry Reviews

This second edition of Modern Biogeochemistry has been substantially updated and placed within an interdisciplinary approach to Environmental Risk Assessment. This textbook is a very valuable source of case studies from Russia, Asia and the former Soviet Union.

The carefully chosen examples, such as urban, oil, metals, and agriculture, give a good sense of how the biogeochemical approach is applied in different circumstances.

I strongly recommend this work to researchers in biogeochemistry and related fields because it provides insight into the perspective and approaches of the separate historical development of biogeochemistry in the former Soviet Union, as well as a modern approach to quantitative Environmental Risk Assessment based on biogeochemistry.

Sandy Tartowski, Research Scientist, USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range, NMSU, Las Cruces, NM

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning Earth Sciences Geology & The Lithosphere Geochemistry Engineering & Technology Environmental Science Science Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Ecological Science Medicine

Medicine in General Public Health & Preventive Medicine Epidemiology & Medical Statistics Chemistry

Preface	p. xv
Biogeochemical Cycling and Pollutants Exposure
Assessment of Ecosystems Risks	p. 3
Concepts of environmental impact assessment and risk assessment and approaches to their integration	p. 4
Biogeochemical approaches to environmental risk assessment	p. 6
Integration of risk assessment and environmental impact assessment for improved treatment of ecological implications	p. 7
Assessment of ecosystem effects in EIA: methodological promises and challenges	p. 8
Critical Load and Level (CLL) approach for assessment of ecosystem risks	p. 13
Uncertainty in IRA and ERA calculations	p. 20
Benefits of applying CCL in EIA	p. 21
Biogeochemical Structure of Ecosystems	p. 23
Characterization of soil-biogeochemical conditions in the world's terrestrial ecosystems	p. 23
Biogeochemical classification and simulation of biosphere organization	p. 30
Biogeochemical classification of the biosphere	p. 30
Methodology of biogeochemical cycling simulation for biosphere mapping	p. 32
Biogeochemical mapping for environmental risk assessment in continental, regional and local scales	p. 38
Methods of biogeochemical mapping	p. 39
Regional biogeochemical mapping of North Eurasia	p. 46
Biogeochemical Standards	p. 47
Critical load as biogeochemical standards for acid-forming chemical species	p. 47
General approaches for calculating critical loads	p. 48
Biogeochemical model profile for calculation of critical loads of acidity	p. 50
Deriving biogeochemical parameters for critical loads of acidity	p. 52
Critical load as biogeochemical standards for heavy metals	p. 58
General approaches for calculating critical loads of heavy metals	p. 59
Deriving biogeochemical parameters for critical loads of heavy metals	p. 59
Calculation methods for critical loads of heavy metals	p. 68
Biogeochemical Approaches to Ecosystem Endpoints	p. 75
Environmental risk assessment under critical load calculations	p. 75
Suggested ERA frameworks and endpoints for development of acidification oriented projects	p. 75
Comparative analysis of CL and ERA calculations of acidification loading at ecosystems	p. 79
Biogeochemical endpoint in critical loads calculations for heavy metals	p. 80
Calculation and mapping of critical loads for HM in Germany	p. 80
Calculation and mapping of critical loads for Cd and Pb in the European part of Russia	p. 82
Biogeochemical Approaches to Human Exposure Assessment	p. 93
Biogeochemical and physiological peculiarities of human population health	p. 93
Biogeochemical structure of ecosystems and cancer endpoints	p. 95
Cancer risk endpoints in different biogeochemical provinces	p. 97
Human health endpoints in technogenic and agrogenic biogeochemical provinces	p. 111
Physiological endpoints for human biogeochemical studies	p. 111
Case study of interactions between human health endpoints and pollution in the Crimea Dry Steppe region of the biosphere	p. 116
Natural Biogeochemical Peculiarities of Exposure Assessment
Arctic and Tundra Climatic Zone	p. 127
Geographical peculiarities of biogeochemical cycling and pollutant exposure	p. 127
Landscape and vegetation impacts	p. 127
Pollutant exposure and chemical composition of plants	p. 129
Influence of soil on pollutant exposure	p. 130
Biogeochemical cycles and exposure assessment in polar zones	p. 131
Biogeochemical cycles	p. 131
Exposure to airborne and ground pollutants	p. 132
Biogeochemical cycles and exposure assessment in tundra zones	p. 133
Plant uptake of pollutants	p. 134
Tundra soils and exposure to pollutants	p. 134
Exposure to pollutants and productivity of tundra ecosystems	p. 134
Boreal and Sub-Boreal Climatic Zone	p. 137
Biogeochemical cycling of elements and pollutants exposure in Forest ecosystems	p. 137
Nitrogen cycle and exposure pathways	p. 139
Sulfur cycle and exposure pathways	p. 141
Phosphorus cycle and exposure pathways	p. 142
Carbon cycle and exposure pathways	p. 142
Geographical peculiarities of biogeochemical cycling and pollutant exposure	p. 145
North American forest ecosystems	p. 145
Spruce Forest ecosystem of Northwestern Eurasia	p. 147
Swampy ecosystems of North Eurasia	p. 153
Broad-leafed deciduous forest ecosystems of Central Europe	p. 154
Biogeochemical fluxes and exposure pathways in soil-water system of Boreal and Sub-boreal zones	p. 156
Soil compartment features	p. 156
Biogeochemical exposure processes in the soil-water system	p. 160
Semi-Arid and Arid Climatic Zones	p. 167
Biogeochemical cycling of elements and pollutants exposure in semi-arid and arid climatic zone	p. 167
Biogeochemical cycle and exposure pathways in arid ecosystems	p. 167
Role of aqueous and aerial migration in pollutants exposure	p. 168
Role of soil biogeochemistry in the exposure pathways in arid ecosystems	p. 172
Role of humidity in soil exposure pathway formation in steppe and desert ecosystems	p. 173
Geographical peculiarities of biogeochemical cycling and pollutant exposure	p. 174
Dry steppe ecosystems of South Ural, Eurasia	p. 174
Meadow steppe ecosystems of the East European Plain	p. 175
Dry desert ecosystems of Central Eurasia	p. 177
Subtropic and Tropic Climatic Zone	p. 181
Biogeochemical cycling of elements and pollutants exposure in subtropic and tropic climatic zone	p. 181
Biogeochemical cycles and exposure pathways of chemical species in tropical ecosystems	p. 181
Biogeochemical and exposure peculiarities of tropical soils	p. 182
Biogeochemical exposure pathways in soil-water systems	p. 185
Geographical peculiarities of biogeochemical cycling and pollutant exposure	p. 186
Biogeochemical cycling and pollutant exposure in tropical rain forest ecosystems	p. 186
Biogeochemical cycling and pollutant exposure in Seasonal Deciduous tropical forest and woody savanna ecosystems	p. 189
Biogeochemical cycling and pollutant exposure in dry desert tropical ecosystems	p. 190
Biogeochemical cycling and pollutant exposure in mangrove ecosystems	p. 193
Exposure Assessment in Technogenic Biogeochemical Provinces
Oil and Gas Biogeochemical Provinces	p. 201
Biogeochemical steps of hydrocarbon formation	p. 201
Geological and biological factors of oil composition formation	p. 203
Peculiarities of ecological risk assessment in oil technobiogeochemical provinces	p. 208
Vertical oil migration	p. 208
Lateral oil migration	p. 209
Spatial and temporal evolution of oil pollution areas	p. 210
Biogeochemical feature of environmental risk assessment	p. 214
Metallogenic Biogeochemical Provinces	p. 215
Environmental ranking of metal toxicity	p. 216
Heavy metal migration in biogeochemical food webs	p. 216
Sources of heavy metals and their distribution in the environment	p. 218
Usage of metals	p. 220
Anthropogenic mercury loading	p. 220
Anthropogenic lead loading	p. 221
Anthropogenic cadmium loading	p. 223
Technobiogeochemical structure of metal exploration areas	p. 224
Iron ore regions	p. 224
Non-iron ore areas	p. 225
Uranium ores	p. 226
Agricultural fertilizer ores	p. 228
Urban Biogeochemical Provinces	p. 229
Criteria of urban areas classification	p. 229
Ecological problems of urbanization	p. 229
Urban biogeochemistry	p. 231
Modern approaches to exposure assessment in urban areas	p. 231
Case studies of urban air pollution in Asia	p. 232
Outdoor pollution	p. 232
Indoor air quality	p. 238
Urban air pollution and health effects	p. 239
Agrogenic Biogeochemical Provinces	p. 245
Impact of agrochemicals on the natural biogeochemical cycling	p. 245
Mineral fertilizers	p. 245
Disturbance of nitrogen biogeochemical cycle in agrolandscapes	p. 246
Disturbance of phosphorus biogeochemical cycle in agrolandscapes	p. 247
Impact of pesticides in agrolandscapes	p. 251
Pesticides in the Asian countries	p. 251
Major environmental exposure pathways	p. 252
DDT example of environmental exposure pathway	p. 256
Environmental Risk Assessment in a Regional Scale
California Case Studies	p. 261
Selenium effects research	p. 261
San Joaquin River Valley, California	p. 261
Selenium in fodder crops of the USA	p. 263
Pollutants exposure pathways	p. 263
Chemical exposure	p. 263
Characterization of the composition of personal, indoor, and outdoor particulate exposure	p. 266
Beryllium exposure	p. 267
Occupational exposure	p. 267
Occupational exposure to multiple pesticides	p. 267
Occupational exposure to arsenic	p. 268
Air pollutants	p. 268
Cancer researches	p. 270
Childhood cancer research program	p. 270
Adult cancer research program	p. 271
Respiratory effects research	p. 272
Eurasian Case Studies	p. 275
Environmental risk assessment of Se induced diseases	p. 275
Northern Eurasia	p. 275
Selenium in China's ecosystems	p. 278
Environmental risk assessment of Co-Zn-Ni induced diseases	p. 280
Biogeochemical cycles of heavy metals in the South Ural region, Russia	p. 280
Endemic diseases biogeochemical exposure pathways	p. 283
Environmental risk assessment of air pollution induced diseases	p. 283
Estimating and valuing the health impacts of urban air pollution	p. 283
Human health risk estimates	p. 285
Case epidemiological studies	p. 286
Caspian Sea Environments	p. 291
Modern state of the environment	p. 291
Geoecological situation	p. 291
Oil- and gas-related pollution	p. 294
Oil and gas transport issues	p. 295
Agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste discharges	p. 298
Overfishing and poaching	p. 299
Fluctuating sea level	p. 299
Environmental legislation and regulation in respect to ERA	p. 300
The Caspian environmental outlook	p. 301
Biogeochemical peculiarities	p. 302
Biogeochemical food webs	p. 302
Heavy metals	p. 303
Organochlorine contaminants	p. 305
Environmental risk assessment of organochlorine species	p. 309
Conceptual model for the environmental risk assessment of pollutants entering the Caspian Sea	p. 310
DDT and HCH insecticides	p. 311
Substances for industrial use-PCBs	p. 314
Other factors increasing POCs environmental risk	p. 315
Examples of conceptual model use	p. 317
Transboundary N and S Air Pollution	p. 323
Assessment of environmental risk to acid deposition in Europe	p. 323
Maps of critical loads and their exceedances	p. 323
Acidification	p. 327
Eutrophication	p. 329
Assessment of environmental risk to acid deposition in North America	p. 329
Acid rains over Canada and the USA	p. 329
Acidifying emissions in Canada and the USA	p. 330
Wet deposition of sulfate in eastern North America	p. 331
Ecological impacts of acid deposition in Eastern North America	p. 333
The impact-oriented critical load approach to SO[subscript 2] emission reduction strategy	p. 338
Sulfur dioxide emission abatement scenario in North America based on critical loads and their exceedances	p. 342
Assessment of environmental risk to acid deposition in Asia	p. 343
Characterization of environmental conditions in Asia	p. 343
Monitoring of acid rain in Asia	p. 344
Critical load values of acid-forming compounds on ecosystems of north-east Asia	p. 346
Critical loads of sulfur and acidity on Chinese ecosystems	p. 350
Critical loads of sulfur in South Korea	p. 352
Acid deposition influence on the biogeochemical migration of heavy metals in food webs	p. 357
Trans-Boundary HM Air Pollution	p. 361
Monitoring of heavy metals in Europe	p. 361
Emissions of heavy metals in Europe	p. 361
Re-emission of mercury	p. 363
Modeling of HM cycling	p. 364
Atmospheric transport	p. 364
Mercury transformation scheme	p. 365
Removal processes	p. 365
Model development	p. 366
Trans-boundary air pollution by lead, cadmium and mercury in Europe	p. 366
Pollution levels in Europe	p. 366
Depositions to regional seas	p. 370
Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the Northern hemisphere with particular attention to Central Asia	p. 371
Mercury	p. 372
Lead	p. 374
Impacts on the European ecosystems	p. 375
Biogeochemical case studies	p. 377
South Sweden, Baltic Sea region	p. 377
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, USA	p. 380
Trans-Boundary POP Transport	p. 385
Evaluation of POPs deposition in the European countries	p. 385
Modeling of POPs cycling	p. 385
POPs emissions in Europe	p. 386
POPs deposition in Europe	p. 387
Spatial pattern of PCDD/Fs contents in various environmental compartments	p. 388
Trans-boundary pollution in the European domain	p. 391
POPs transport in the Northern Hemisphere	p. 392
Simulation of POPs behavior in soil compartment	p. 393
Priority POPs and their permissible levels in soil	p. 393
POP transformations in soil compartments	p. 394
Evaluation of POP accumulation and clearance in soil	p. 399
Exposure pathways of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls to human	p. 400
General description of dioxins	p. 400
Potential for long-range trans-boundary air pollution	p. 403
Pathways of LRTAP-derived human exposure	p. 405
Health hazard characterization	p. 407
Human health implications relative to LRTAP	p. 410
Transboundary Gas and Oil Pipelines	p. 413
Oil and gas pipeline nets	p. 413
Russian pipeline nets	p. 413
American pipeline nets	p. 414
Natural gas main pipeline "Yamal-West Europe"	p. 414
Critical load approach for assessing environmental risks	p. 414
Critical loads of pollutants	p. 416
Exceedances of critical loads of pollutants in the ecosystems surrounding gas pipelines	p. 418
Biogeochemical standards for exposed areas	p. 422
References	p. 423
Index	p. 439
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Modern Biogeochemistry

Environmental Risk Assessment

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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