Modern Latin America

Preface

PART ONE: QUESTIONS AND CONTEXTS

1. Why Latin America? Implications for the United States Contrast and Paradox Interpretations of Latin America Explaining Authoritarianism Understanding Democracy Ideas and Themes in This Book

2. The Colonial Foundations Prelude to Conquest The European Context Colonial Spanish America Portuguese America: A Different World? Independence for Latin America The Colonial Response Independence in Spanish America The Aftermath of Independence The Brazilian Path The Pull of the International Economy

PART TWO: CASE STUDIES: CHANGE OVER TIME

3. Mexico: The Taming of a Revolution From Colony to Nationhood The North American Invasion Reform, Monarchy, and the Restored Republic The Díaz Era: Progress at a Price The Mexican Revolution Politics and Policy: Patterns of Change Order, Stability, and Growth Reshaping Economic Policy North American Free Trade The System Unravels The Contemporary Scene (2000-Present) Return of the Leviathan? And Abrupt Departure?

4. Central America: Within the U.S. Orbit From Colony to Nationhood Independence Movements Overview: Economic Growth and Social Change Coffee and Bananas Social Developments Politics and Policy: Panama Politics and Policy: El Salvador Politics and Policy: Guatemala Politics and Policy: Honduras Politics and Policy: Costa Rica Reflections

5. Cuba: Key Colony, Socialist State From Colony to Nationhood Dubious Independence The Bronze Titan Overview: Economic Growth and Social Change Politics and Policy: Patterns of Change Fidel Castro and the Batista Regime The Cuban Revolution Framing U.S. Policies The Bay of Pigs The Missile Crisis The Hardening of U.S. Policy Policy Experimentation Consolidating the Regime The Contemporary Scene (2000-Present)

6. The Andes: Soldiers, Oligarchs, and Indians From Colony to Nationhood Overview: Economic Growth and Social Change Peru: From Guano to Minerals Bolivia: Silver, Tin, and Gas Ecuador: From Cacao to Petroleum Social Transformations Politics and Policy: Peru Flirting with Policy Alternatives The Military Revolution Struggles of Civilian Governments Fujimori's Controlled Democracy Politics and Policy: Bolivia The Chaco War (1932-1935) The Revolution of 1952 Military Rule and Popular Resistance Politics and Policy: Ecuador Caudillos, Conservatives, and Liberals Cacao, Prosperity, and Turmoil Bananas and Dictators

7. Colombia: Civility and Violence From Colony to Nationhood Independence and Its Aftermath Creating Political Parties Rafael Núñez and the Politics of Regeneration The Loss of Panama Overview: Economic Growth and Social Change Politics and Policy: Patterns of Change Gaitán, Reaction, and La Violencia The National Front The Contemporary Scene (2000-Present) Kinder and Gentler

8. Venezuela: The Perils of Prosperity From Colony to Nationhood Coffee and Caudillos Gunboats and Diplomacy Overview: Economic Growth and Social Change Politics and Policy: Patterns of Change Punto Fijo Democracy Ossification of the System The Contemporary Scene (2000-Present) Conflicts with Uncle Sam The Limits of Participatory Democracy Chavismo without Chávez?

9. Argentina: Progress, Stalemate, Discord From Colony to Nationhood Struggles for Supremacy Overview: Economic Growth and Social Change Politics and Policy: Patterns of Change The Military Turns Back the Clock Peronism and Perón Stop-and-Go Politics The Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Solution Peronists Back in Power The Military Returns Back to the Future: Democracy Again The Unperonist Peronist The Contemporary Scene (2000-Present)

10. Chile: Repression and Democracy From Colony to Nationhood Overview: Economic Growth and Social Change Politics and Policy: Patterns of Change From Instability to Popular Front The Era of Party Politics Socialism via Democracy? Countdown to a Coup The Pinochet Regime The Contemporary Scene (2000-Present)

11. Brazil: The Awakening Giant From Colony to Nationhood Dom Pedro I (1822-1831) Dom Pedro II (1840-1889) End of the Empire Overview: Economic Growth and Social Change Politics and Policy: Patterns of Change The First Republic (1889-1930) Getúlio Vargas and the Estado Novo The Second Republic (1946-1964) Military Rule From Liberalization to Redemocratization Cardoso in Charge The Contemporary Scene (2000-Present) End of an Era?

PART THREE: THEMES AND REFLECTIONS

12. Strategies for Economic Development Narratives of Backwardness The Liberal Era (1880s-1920s) Social Transformations under Liberalism Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1930s-1970s) ISI in Theory ISI in Practice The Socialist Alternative (1950s-1980s) Revolutionary Movements Neoliberalism (1980s-present) Free Trade Countermoves The Crash of 2008 Poverty and Inequality Inequality and Income Distribution

13. Dynamics of Political Transformation Categories for Analysis Oligarchic Rule and Top-Down Reform (1880s-1920s) Co-optative Democracy Populism and Dictatorship (1930s-1970s) Women and Politics A Surge of Democracy Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes The Revolutionary Path (1950s-1980s) Liberation Theology An Expansion of Democracy (1980s-Present) Empowerment of Women The Rise-And Apparent Decline--of the New Left The Pulse of Democratic Change Dangers of Democracy Democracy Made Safe Democracy Turns Left, Then Right?

14. Culture and Society From Colonies to Nations National Identities and Internal Divides Literature, Art, and Ideas in a World Economy Realism and Naturalism Modernism Nationalism, Radical Politics, and Turbulent Times Brazilian Modernism Revolutionary Art and Literature Rethinking Race The Making of Mass Media Popular Culture, Theater, and Sports Latin American Culture Enters a World Market Innovative Architecture Revolutionary Culture The Literary Boom Dictatorship, Democracy, and New Social Movements Films, Pop Music, and the Internet

15. Latin America in the World Arena, 1800s-1990s Imperialism in the Americas America's Aspirations The Rise of U.S. Influence Consolidating U.S. Power The Cold War The Logic of Cold War Cold War in Latin America The Nationalist Impulse The Revolutionary Challenge The Alliance for Progress Development and Debt Bill Clinton and Latin America

16. Latin America in the World Arena, 2000-Present George Bush and Latin America Barack Obama's War Obama and Latin America Donald Trump and Latin America Confronting the United States Mexico Brazil Venezuela Seeking Outside Allies The Intermestic Agenda Immigration Drug Trafficking Drug Policy Debates Perspectives on the Future

Glossary Index