List of Contributors xxi
Preface to Second Edition xxix
Preface First Edition xxxi
1 Chemistry of Reactive Species 1
Frederick A. Villamena
1.1 Redox Chemistry 1
1.2 Classification of Reactive Species 2
1.3 Reactive Oxygen Species 4
1.4 Reactive Nitrogen Species 15
1.5 Reactive Sulfur and Chlorine Species 18
1.6 Reactivity 23
1.7 Origins of Reactive Species 27
1.8 Methods of Detection 32
References 39
2 Lipid Peroxidation and Nitration 49
Sean S. Davies and Lilu Guo
Overview 49
2.1 Peroxidation of PUFAs 49
2.2 Cyclic Endoperoxides and Their Products 52
2.3 Fragmented Products of Lipid Peroxidation 58
2.4 Epoxy Fatty Acids 62
2.5 Lipid Nitrosylation 62
Summary 65
References 65
3 Protein Posttranslational Modification 71
James L. Hougland Joseph Darling and Susan Flynn
Overview 71
3.1 Oxidative Stress-Related PTMs: Oxidation Reactions 71
3.2 Amino Acid Modification by Oxidation-Produced Electrophiles 80
3.3 Detection of Oxidative-Stress Related PTMs 81
3.4 Role of PTMs in Cellular Redox Signaling 84
Summary 85
References 85
4 DNA Oxidation 93
Dessalegn B. Nemera Amy R. Jones and Edward J. Merino
Overview 93
4.1 The Context of Cellular DNA Oxidation 93
4.2 Oxidation of Oligonucleotides 94
4.3 Examination of Specific Oxidative Lesions 96
Future Outlook of DNA Oxidative Lesions 103
References 103
5 Cellular Antioxidants and Phase 2 Proteins 113
Yunbo li
5.1 Definitions 113
5.2 Roles in Oxidative Stress 113
5.3 Molecular Regulation 117
5.4 Induction in Chemoprevention 119
5.5 Inactivation 119
References 121
6 Mitochondrial Dysfunction 129
Yeong-Renn Chen and Chwen-Lin Chen
6.1 Mitochondria and Submitochondrial Particles 129
6.2 Energy Transduction 131
6.3 Mitochondrial Stress 132
6.4 Superoxide Anion Radical Generation as Mediated by ΔPH Δψ ETC and Disease Pathogenesis 133
References 143
7 NADPH Oxidases: Structure and Function 147
Mark T. Quinn
Overview 147
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Structure 147
7.3 Phagocyte ROS Production 152
7.4 Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Function 155
7.5 Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidase Structure 156
7.6 Nonphagocyte ROS Production 161
7.7 Functions of Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidases 162
Summary 169
Acknowledgments 169
References 170
8 Cell Signaling and Transcription 189
Imran Rehmani Fange Liu and Aimin Liu
Overview 189
8.1 Common Mechanisms of Redox Signaling 189
8.2 Redox and Oxygen-Sensitive Transcription Factors in Prokaryotes 191
8.3 Redox Signaling in Metazoans 195
8.4 Oxygen Sensing in Metazoans 200
8.5 Medical Significance of Redox and Oxygen-Sensing Pathways 204
Concluding Remarks 205
References 205
9 Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in Carcinogenesis 213
Rodrigo Franco Aracely Garcia-Garcia Thomas B. Kryston Alexandros G. Georgakilas Mihalis I. Panayiotidis and Aglaia Pappa
Overview 213
9.1 Redox Environment and Cancer 213
9.2 Oxidative Modifications to Biomolecules and Carcinogenesis 217
9.3 Measurement of Oxidative DNA Damage in Human Cancer 223
9.4 Epigenetic Involvement in Oxidative Stress-Induced Carcinogenesis 223
9.5 Deregulation of Cell Death Pathways by Oxidative Stress in Cancer Progression 226
Conclusions and Perspective 230
Acknowledgments 231
References 231
10 Neurodegeneration from Drugs and Aging-Derived Free Radicals 247
Annmarie Ramkissoon Aaron M. Shapiro Margaret M. Loniewska and Peter G. Wells
Overview 247
10.1 ROS Formation 247
10.2 Protection against ROS 273
10.3 Nrf2 Regulation of Protective Responses 279
Summary and Conclusions 291
Acknowledgments 291
References 291
11 Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion 321
Murugesan Velayutham and Jay L. Zweier
Overview 321
11.1 Oxygen in the Heart 321
11.2 Sources of ROS during Ischemia and Reperfusion 322
11.3 Modulation of Substrates Metabolites and Cofactors during I-R 326
11.4 ROS-Mediated Cellular Communication during I-R 328
11.5 ROS and Cell Death during Ischemia and Reperfusion 329
11.6 Potential Therapeutic Strategies 330
Summary and Conclusion 331
References 331
12 Atherosclerosis: Oxidation Hypothesis 339
Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu Dmitry Litvinov Xueting Jiang Zhaohui Yang and Sampath Parthasarathy
Overview 339
12.1 Lipid Peroxidation 339
12.2 Oxidation Hypothesis of Atherosclerosis 340
12.3 Animal Models of Atherosclerosis 341
12.4 Aldehyde Generation from Peroxidized Lipids 343
Summary 344
Acknowledgments 345
References 345
13 Cystic Fibrosis 355
Neal S. Gould and Brian J. Day
Overview 355
13.1 Lung Disease Characteristics in CF 355
13.2 Role of CFTR in the Lung 358
13.3 Oxidative Stress in the CFTR-Deficient Lung 358
13.4 Antioxidant Therapies for CF 361
Summary 363
References 363
14 Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution 369
Andrew J. Ghio and Urmila Kodavanti
14.1 Exposure to Cigarette Smoke 369
14.2 Air Pollution Particles 371
14.3 Ozone 374
14.4 Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides 374
14.5 Interaction between PM and Oxidant Gases 375
14.6 Oxidative Stress and Mechanistic Pathways of Disease After Exposure to Air Pollutants 375
References 375
15 Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 381
Peter J. Barnes
15.1 Introduction 381
15.2 Increased Oxidative Stress in COPD 382
15.3 Effects of Oxidative Stress in COPD 384
15.4 Strategies for Reducing Oxidative Stress 386
15.5 Conclusions 389
References 389
16 Oxidative Stress in the Eye 395
Annie K. Ryan Wade W. Rich Peter A. Jansen Megan M. Allyn Katelyn E. Swindle-Reilly and Matthew A. Reilly
16.1 Introduction 395
16.2 The Cornea 396
16.3 The Lens 400
16.4 The Vitreous Humor 403
16.5 The Retina and Optic Nerve 404
16.6 Therapeutic Approaches to ROS Elevation in the Eye 407
16.7 Conclusion 408
References 408
17 The Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 417
Ara Aboolian Jordan Younes Alejandra Romero Jay C. Jha Karin Jandeleit-Dahm and Jaroslawna Meister
17.1 Introduction 417
17.2 Sources of Oxidative Stress in CKD 419
17.3 Mechanisms by Which Oxidative Stress Contributes to CKD 421
17.4 Interplay Between Oxidative Stress and Senescence in CKD 423
17.5 Treatment Options for CKD 423
References 429
18 Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases 437
Rukhsana Sultana Giovanna Cenini and D. Allan Butterfield
Overview 437
18.1 Introduction 437
18.2 Biomarkers of Protein Oxidation/Nitration 439
18.3 Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation 441
18.4 Biomarkers of Carbohydrate Oxidation 444
18.5 Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation 445
Acknowledgments 446
References 446
19 Cysteinylated Albumin as Oxidative Stress Biomarker and Therapeutic Target 455
Alessandra Altomare Giulio Vistoli Cristina Banfi and Giancarlo Aldini
19.1 Introduction 455
19.2 Cellular and Extracellular Thiols Distribution 455
19.3 HSA and CYS34 456
19.4 CYS34 Reactivity and Reactions 458
19.5 CYS34 Oxidized Forms in Physio-Pathological Conditions 460
19.6 Endogenous Regulation of Intracellular and Extracellular Thiol-Redox Homeostasis 462
19.7 Molecular and Therapeutic Strategies for Reversing Mercaptalbumin from the Oxidized Forms 462
19.8 Conclusion 464
References 465
20 Nitroalkene Fatty Acids: Formation Metabolism Reactivity and Signaling 469
Martina Steglich Martin Sosa Francisco J. Schopfer and Lucia Turell
20.1 Introduction 469
20.2 Diet and Fatty Acids 469
20.3 Nitroalkene Fatty Acids in Vivo Formation 470
20.4 Metabolism and Distribution 471
20.5 Reactivity of Nitroalkene Fatty Acids 472
20.6 Nitroalkylation as A Protein Post-Translational Modification 473
20.7 Nitrooleic Acid and Disease 475
20.8 Concluding Remarks 477
Abbreviations 477
References 478
21 Synthetic Antioxidants 483
Gregory Durand
Overview 483
21.1 Endogenous Enzymatic System of Defense 483
21.2 Metal-Based Synthetic Antioxidants 484
21.3 Nonmetal-Based Antioxidants 488
21.4 Nitrones 495
References 504
Index 513
