Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement

By: Alan L. Kriz (Editor), Brian A. Larkins (Editor)

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Hardcover | 4 November 2008

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Hardcover
369 Pages

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23.5 x 15.5 x 2.24

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$349.17

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During the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in maize biotechnology. This volume provides an overview of our current knowledge of maize molecular genetics, how it is being used to improve the crop, and future possibilities for crop enhancement. Several chapters deal with genetically engineered traits that are currently, or soon will be, in commercial production. Technical approaches for introducing novel genes into the maize genome, the regeneration of plants from transformed cells, and the creation of transgenic lines for field production are covered. Further, the authors describe how molecular genetic techniques are being used to identify genes and characterize their function, and how these procedures are utilized to develop elite maize germplasm. Moreover, molecular biology and physiological studies of corn as a basis for the improvement of its nutritional and food-making properties are included. Finally, the growing use of corn as biomass for energy production is discussed.

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Non-Fiction Science Biology, Life Sciences Botany & Plant Sciences Engineering & Technology Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology Life Sciences in General Genetics excluding Medical Agriculture & Farming Agronomy & Crop Production Cereal Crops

Agricultural Science Molecular Biology

Introduction
Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement - an Introduction	p. 3
References	p. 6
Maize Tissue Culture and Transformation: The First 20 Years	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Maize Plant Regeneration Systems	p. 8
Somatic Embryogenesis in Maize	p. 8
Organogenesis in Maize	p. 11
Maize Transformation Systems	p. 12
Protoplast Transformation	p. 13
Particle Bombardment (Biolistics)	p. 13
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation	p. 15
Selectable Marker Systems	p. 16
Herbicidal Selectable Markers	p. 16
Alternative Non-antibiotic, Non-herbicidal Selectable Markers	p. 17
Marker-Free Transformation	p. 18
Co-transformation and Transgene Segregation	p. 18
Future Prospects: Bigger and Better	p. 20
Homologous Recombination and Targeted Integration	p. 20
High Molecular Weight DNA Transformation	p. 22
References	p. 23
Transgenic Traits
Insect Resistance in Corn Through Biotechnology	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
The Nature of Bt Corn Technologies	p. 32
Adoption of Bt Corn Technologies and Their Impact on Insecticide Use	p. 33
The Economic Impact of Bt Corn	p. 35
The Impact of Bt Corn on Grain Quality	p. 36
The Environmental Impact of Bt Corn	p. 37
Conclusions	p. 38
References	p. 39
Seed Total Phosphate and Phytic Acid	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Phytic Acid Synthesis, Breakdown and Storage	p. 43
Seed Total P	p. 47
Conclusion	p. 50
References	p. 51
Traits and Genes for Plant Drought Tolerance	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Prospects for Improving Plant Stress Tolerance Through Genetics	p. 56
Physiological/Developmental Framework for Assessing the Role and Potential Utility of Genes and Traits for Drought Tolerance	p. 58
Identification and Testing Gene/Trait Leads for Drought Tolerance	p. 59
Deployment of Drought Tolerance Genes and Genotype	p. 62
References	p. 63
Biotechnology Approaches to Improving Maize Nitrogen Use Efficiency	p. 65
The Importance of Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency and a Biotechnology Approach	p. 65
The Biology of Maize NUE	p. 66
N Uptake and Assimilation	p. 67
N Transport	p. 68
N Utilization by Kernels	p. 69
Regulation of N-Associated Processes	p. 70
Candidate Genes for Enhancing Maize NUE	p. 71
Quantitative Trait Loci	p. 71
RNA Expression Profiling	p. 72
Transgenes for Improving Maize NUE	p. 72
Commercialization of Maize Hybrids with Improved NUE	p. 73
References	p. 76
Enhancement of Amino Acid Availability in Corn Grain	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Increased Lysine Accumulation Through Deregulation of Metabolic Pathways	p. 80
Modification of Corn Grain Protein Profiles	p. 81
Distribution of Proteins in the Corn Grain	p. 81
Zein Reduction	p. 81
Expression of Lysine-rich Proteins in Corn Grain	p. 86
References	p. 87
Over-expression of Novel Proteins in Maize	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Why Over-produce Proteins?	p. 91
What Do We Want in a Host for Over-production?	p. 91
Expression Technology	p. 92
What Is the Protein Being Expressed and How Much is Accumulated?	p. 92
Protein Characteristics	p. 92
Molecular and Cellular Characteristics	p. 93
General Tools to Effect Accumulation	p. 96
Production	p. 97
Confinement	p. 99
Examples of Products	p. 100
Future Prospects	p. 101
References	p. 101
Global Regulation of Transgenic Crops	p. 107
Regulatory Oversight of Transgenic Maize	p. 107
Development of a Regulatory Paradigm and Rationale	p. 108
Divergent Regulatory Approaches Around the World	p. 109
Scientific Assessment of Risks Associated with Transgenic Maize	p. 110
Description of the Event and Organisms	p. 113
Evaluation of Agricultural Hazards	p. 113
Evaluation of Environmental Hazards	p. 113
Evaluation of Food Safety Hazards	p. 115
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 120
References	p. 122
Breeding and Genetics
Doubled Haploids	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
History	p. 128
Methods	p. 130
Spontaneous Haploids	p. 130
Genetic Induction	p. 130
Modifications in Handling	p. 131
Artificial Induction	p. 131
Anther Culture, Embryo Culture and Microspore Culture	p. 132
Wide Crosses and Chromosome Elimination	p. 132
Apomixis (Parthenogenesis and/or Androgenesis)	p. 132
Chromosome Doubling	p. 133
Spontaneous Doubling	p. 133
Selection for Spontaneous Doubling	p. 134
Artificial Doubling	p. 134
Advantages	p. 134
Genetic Homozygosity	p. 134
Genetic Enrichment	p. 135
Gamete Selection	p. 135
Gene Mutation	p. 136
Molecular Mapping Applications	p. 136
Future Perspectives	p. 137
References	p. 138
Transposon Tagging and Reverse Genetics	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
General Strategies for Transposon Tagging	p. 144
Directed Tagging	p. 146
Non-directed Tagging	p. 149
Reverse Genetics Resources	p. 151
Single-Gene Screening Resources	p. 151
Flanking Sequence Tags and Reverse Genetics	p. 152
An Optimal Reverse Genetics Strategy?	p. 154
Future Perspectives	p. 155
References	p. 155
EMS Mutagenesis and Point Mutation Discovery	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
EMS Mutagenesis	p. 161
TILLING	p. 164
TILLING Mutagenized Lines	p. 164
EcoTILLING	p. 166
Targeted Resequencing Using Massively Parallel Strategies: TRUMPing TILLING	p. 168
Conclusion	p. 170
References	p. 170
Applications of Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping in Maize	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
What is Linkage Disequilibrium and How is it Related to Association Mapping Studies	p. 174
How to Estimate LD	p. 175
Interpretation of LD Data	p. 176
LD in Maize	p. 177
Association Populations and Statistics	p. 177
Population Structure	p. 179
Classic Association Populations	p. 180
Family-Based Association Populations	p. 181
Special Association Populations	p. 182
False Positives and Power of Association	p. 183
Phenotyping and Genotyping Strategies for Association Testing	p. 185
Association Mapping in Crop Plants	p. 187
Conclusions	p. 189
References	p. 190
Maize Genetic Resources	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Genetic Stocks	p. 198
Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center (MGCSC;GSZE)	p. 198
The Genetic Stock Collection	p. 199
The Services Provided	p. 201
The Value of the Stocks	p. 202
Other Maize Germplasm	p. 203
The North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS; NC7)	p. 203
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)	p. 204
The National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation (NCGRP)	p. 205
Conclusions	p. 205
References	p. 206
The Corn Genome
The Structure of the Maize Genome	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
The Gold Standard of Genome Sequence	p. 214
Fractionation Methods of the Maize Genome	p. 215
Distribution of Methylated and Repetitive DNA in the Maize Genome	p. 216
One Hundred Random Regions of the Maize Genome	p. 217
Physical Map of the Maize Genome	p. 218
Evolution of Maize Chromosome Numbers	p. 220
Diploidization of the Maize Genome	p. 220
Retrotransposition	p. 221
Chromosome Expansion and Contraction	p. 222
Orthologous and Paralogous Gene Copies	p. 224
Haplotype Variation	p. 225
References	p. 227
Molecular Markers	p. 231
Utility of Molecular Markers	p. 231
Molecular Markers	p. 232
Detection of Polymorphisms	p. 232
SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats)	p. 232
IDPs (InDel Polymorphisms)	p. 233
SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms)	p. 233
Maize Mapping Populations	p. 235
Genetic Maps of Maize	p. 236
Future Perspectives	p. 237
References	p. 237
Applied Cytogenetics	p. 241
Chromosome Analysis on Mitotic Chromosome by FISH	p. 241
Histones, ChIP, Genes and Histones	p. 242
Centromere Cytogenetics	p. 243
Minichromosomes - Using Cytogenetics to Produce a Better Vector	p. 244
Background	p. 244
Efforts in Plants	p. 244
Limitations and Outlook for Engineered Chromosomes	p. 245
References	p. 246
The Wonderland of Global Expression Profiling	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Some Definitions	p. 251
Available Platforms for Global Expression Profiling	p. 252
Fractionation and Prepurification Procedures for Complex Systems	p. 255
The Information Content of the Maize Genome	p. 256
Global Transcript Analysis	p. 257
Affymetrix GeneChips	p. 257
Microarrays Employing PCR Amplicons as Probes	p. 258
Microarrays Employing Long Oligonucleotides as Probes	p. 259
Non-Microarray-Based Profiling	p. 260
MicroRNA Profiling	p. 261
Conclusions and Future Prospects	p. 262
References	p. 262
Molecular Biology and Physiological Studies
Zein Storage Proteins	p. 269
Introduction	p. 269
Storage Proteins in the Maize Kernel	p. 270
Embryo Proteins	p. 270
Endosperm Proteins	p. 271
High Lysine Corn and the Development of Quality Protein Maize	p. 279
Future Perspectives	p. 281
References	p. 282
The Complexities of Starch Biosynthesis in Cereal Endosperms	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
The Starch Biosynthetic Pathway	p. 288
Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)	p. 289
Subunits of AGPase	p. 289
Subcellular localization of AGPase	p. 290
Allosteric Properties of AGPase	p. 291
Allosteric Properties of AGPase Are Pivotal in Controlling Starch Levels	p. 292
Starch Synthases (SS)	p. 293
Starch Synthase Isoforms	p. 294
Starch Branching Enzymes (SBE)	p. 295
Starch Debranching Enzymes (DBE)	p. 296
Physiological Role of DBEs	p. 297
References	p. 298
Development of a High Oil Trait for Maize	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Background	p. 304
Kernel Morphology and Lipid Content	p. 304
Effects of Environment and Agricultural Practices on Kernel Oil Content	p. 305
Inheritance of Oil Phenotype	p. 305
Breeding for High Oil	p. 306
High Oil Sources	p. 306
Oil QTL Analysis	p. 306
TopCross^TM Strategy for High Oil Hybrids	p. 308
Contemporary Strategies for High Oil Breeding	p. 308
Synthesis of Oil in the Kernel	p. 308
Synthesis and Plastid Import of the Carbon Precursor(s) of Acetyl-CoA	p. 310
Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA in the Plastid	p. 312
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Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement

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