| Preface | p. xu |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Review of Radar Principles | p. 1 |
| Tracking Radars and the Evolution of Monopulse | p. 3 |
| A "Baseline" Monopulse Radar | p. 8 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopulse | p. 17 |
| Non-Radar Uses of Monopulse | p. 19 |
| References | p. 19 |
| Terminology, Definitions, and Notation | p. 23 |
| The Meaning of Monopulse | p. 24 |
| Apertures and Illumination Functions | p. 27 |
| Patterns, Lobes, and Beams | p. 28 |
| Sum and Difference Patterns | p. 29 |
| Sum and Difference Notation | p. 32 |
| "Error" Signals | p. 32 |
| Complex Signal Representation and Complex Envelopes | p. 33 |
| Elevation, Azimuth, and Traverse | p. 38 |
| References | p. 45 |
| The Monopulse Output as a Complex Ratio | p. 47 |
| General Principles | p. 47 |
| Relative Phase of Difference and Sum | p. 49 |
| Some Useful Relationships and Formulas | p. 50 |
| References | p. 52 |
| Components Used in Monopulse | p. 53 |
| Antenna Mounts | p. 53 |
| Antennas | p. 55 |
| Lens Antennas | p. 57 |
| Single-Reflector Antennas | p. 58 |
| Cassegrain (Double-Reflector) Antennas | p. 60 |
| Feeds | p. 62 |
| Devices for Forming Sums and Differences | p. 66 |
| Hybrid Junctions | p. 67 |
| Magic-T Junction | p. 67 |
| Hybrid Ring ("Rat-Race") Junction | p. 69 |
| Directional Couplers | p. 70 |
| Comparators | p. 73 |
| Other Methods of Obtaining Monopulse Sum (or Reference) and Differences | p. 75 |
| Graphical Symbols | p. 77 |
| Proof of Quadrature Phase Relationships in Directional Couplers | p. 80 |
| Receivers | p. 84 |
| References | p. 85 |
| Amplitude-Comparison and Phase-Comparison Classification | p. 89 |
| Descriptions | p. 91 |
| Phase Fronts, Phase Centers, and Related Concepts | p. 94 |
| Transmitting Antennas | p. 95 |
| Receiving Antennas | p. 98 |
| Targets | p. 98 |
| An Example: Phase Fronts of a Two-Element Source | p. 99 |
| Simplification at Large Distances | p. 101 |
| Phase Centers of Array Antennas | p. 103 |
| Phase Centers of Reflector Antennas | p. 106 |
| Definitions and Further Discussion | p. 107 |
| Distinction Based on Relative Phase of Sum and Difference | p. 108 |
| Distinction Based on Relative Phase of Illumination Functions | p. 112 |
| Distinction Based on Sum and Difference Patterns | p. 113 |
| Apparent Conversion of One Class to the Other | p. 114 |
| Distinction Based on Other Criteria | p. 116 |
| Application to Array Antennas | p. 117 |
| An Example of Theoretical Equivalence | p. 118 |
| Summary of Amplitude-Comparison and Phase-Comparison Classification | p. 124 |
| References | p. 126 |
| Optimum Feeds for Amplitude-Comparison Monopulse | p. 129 |
| Nature of Optimization | p. 129 |
| f/D Ratio | p. 131 |
| Effect of Squint Angle in a Four-Horn Feed | p. 132 |
| Optimization of Squint Angle | p. 135 |
| Comparison With Measured Patterns | p. 137 |
| Beacon Operation | p. 140 |
| Comparison of Beam Squint Angle and Feed Offset Angle | p. 141 |
| Effect of Squint Angle on Normalized Difference Pattern | p. 141 |
| Other Feed Configurations | p. 143 |
| Summary of Feed Optimization | p. 146 |
| References | p. 147 |
| Monopulse Processors | p. 151 |
| Functions and Properties of Monopulse Processors | p. 152 |
| Range Gating | p. 155 |
| Angular Coordinates for Monopulse Calibration | p. 156 |
| Exact Monopulse Processor | p. 157 |
| Processor Using Phases and Linear Amplitudes of s and d | p. 159 |
| Processor Using I and Q | p. 161 |
| Processor Using Phases and Logarithmic Amplitudes of s and d | p. 163 |
| Processor Using "Dot-Product" Detector with AGC | p. 165 |
| An Approximate "Dot-Product" Detector | p. 168 |
| Noncoherent Processor Using Sum and Difference of [upsilon][subscript 1] and [upsilon][subscript 2] | p. 172 |
| Processor Using | |
| Processor Using log [upsilon][subscript 1] and log [upsilon][subscript 2] | p. 177 |
| Processor Using s [plus or minus] jd | p. 181 |
| Two-Channel Monopulse Using s + d and s - d | p. 186 |
| Phase-Amplitude Monopulse | p. 190 |
| Single-Channel Monopulse | p. 192 |
| Conopulse | p. 194 |
| Summary of Monopulse Processors | p. 196 |
| References | p. 199 |
| Response to Unresolved Targets | p. 201 |
| Review of Monopulse Response to a Point Target | p. 204 |
| The Meaning of Unresolved Targets | p. 205 |
| Superposition as an Approximation | p. 206 |
| The Two-Target Problem | p. 207 |
| The Complex Indicated Angle | p. 210 |
| Physical Interpretation | p. 215 |
| Measurement of the Imaginary Part (Quadrature-Phase Component) | p. 216 |
| Effect of Local-Oscillator Frequency | p. 218 |
| Detection of Presence of Unresolved Targets | p. 218 |
| Mean and Variance of Indicated Angle | p. 219 |
| Weighted Mean of Indicated Angle | p. 223 |
| Possibility of Determining Angles of Unresolved Targets | p. 224 |
| Information Derivable From Real Part | p. 231 |
| Removal of Initial Assumptions | p. 232 |
| Extensions of Monopulse Techniques and Fundamental Limitations | p. 234 |
| Closed-Loop Tracking | p. 236 |
| More Than Two Targets | p. 237 |
| Non-Independent Targets | p. 238 |
| References | p. 239 |
| Multipath | p. 243 |
| Flat-Earth Specular Multipath Model | p. 245 |
| Effect on Detection | p. 248 |
| Effect on Closed-Loop Elevation Tracking | p. 249 |
| Types of Multipath Remedies | p. 254 |
| Beam Pattern Design | p. 254 |
| Range or Doppler Resolution | p. 255 |
| Smoothing and Averaging | p. 259 |
| "Low-E" Modes | p. 259 |
| Offset-Null Tracking | p. 262 |
| Elevation Patterns Having a Symmetrical Ratio | p. 263 |
| Double-Null Tracker | p. 267 |
| Use of the Complex Indicated Angle | p. 269 |
| Independent-Target Methods | p. 278 |
| References | p. 280 |
| Monopulse in Array Antennas | p. 283 |
| Principles of Operation | p. 283 |
| Array Coordinates | p. 285 |
| Arrays With Space Feeds | p. 286 |
| Arrays With Constrained Feeds | p. 288 |
| Classification as Amplitude-Comparison or Phase-Comparison | p. 291 |
| Special Types of Arrays | p. 294 |
| References | p. 295 |
| Error Due to Noise | p. 297 |
| A Useful Approximate Formula | p. 298 |
| Analytical Model of Noise Error | p. 299 |
| Bias in Monopulse Ratio | p. 302 |
| Exact Solution for Probability Density Function of d/s | p. 305 |
| First-Order Approximation to Standard Deviation of d/s | p. 307 |
| Higher-Order Approximation to Standard Deviation of d/s | p. 311 |
| Conversion From Monopulse-Ratio Error to Angle Error | p. 313 |
| Effects of Other Conditions | p. 316 |
| "Inexact" Monopulse Processors | p. 316 |
| Closed-Loop versus Open-Loop Operation | p. 317 |
| Multiple-Pulse Estimates | p. 317 |
| Fluctuating Targets | p. 318 |
| Summary of Formulas and Practical Considerations | p. 322 |
| References | p. 326 |
| Special Topics | p. 329 |
| Difference and Sum Patterns Having a Ratio Proportional to Angle | p. 329 |
| General Properties | p. 329 |
| Applications and Implementation | p. 330 |
| Derivation of Equations | p. 331 |
| Characteristics of the Patterns and Illumination Functions | p. 332 |
| Computation of Patterns at Indeterminate Points | p. 335 |
| Other Pattern Pairs Having a Constant Monopulse Slope | p. 336 |
| Extension to Electronically Steerable Arrays | p. 338 |
| The Diagonal Difference Signal | p. 339 |
| Units of Angle and Sine Space | p. 343 |
| Comparison With Rhodes' Terminology and Classification | p. 345 |
| References | p. 348 |
| List of Symbols | p. 349 |
| Index | p. 359 |
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