| Preface | p. iii |
| Why, When, and How to Perform MRI of the Liver | |
| An Introduction to the Role of MRI in Liver Disease | p. 3 |
| A Frame of Reference for Approaching Imaging in Liver Disease | p. 4 |
| Recent Developments in MR and Other Imaging Techniques | p. 4 |
| Current Choices for Imaging the Liver | p. 4 |
| Defining the Appropriate Clinical Applications of Liver MRI | p. 5 |
| References | p. 6 |
| Techniques for MRI of the Liver | p. 9 |
| Gradients, Sampling Frequency, Bandwith, and Echo Time (TE) | p. 10 |
| Parallel Acquisition Techniques | p. 11 |
| Reducing Breathing Artifact | p. 11 |
| Reducing Ghosting and Flow Artifacts | p. 12 |
| Susceptibility | p. 12 |
| Chemical Shift | p. 12 |
| Fat Suppression | p. 13 |
| T2-Weighted Imaging | p. 13 |
| Greater T2 Weighting | p. 14 |
| Single Shot FSE Sequences | p. 14 |
| STIR Sequences | p. 15 |
| Hybrid Sequences | p. 15 |
| True FISP/Balanced FFE Sequences | p. 16 |
| T2-Weighted GRE | p. 16 |
| T1-Weighted Imaging | p. 16 |
| Chemical Shift Imaging | p. 16 |
| Dynamic Gadolinium-Enhanced Imaging | p. 17 |
| Imaging the Non-Compliant Patient | p. 17 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 18 |
| References | p. 18 |
| Contrast Agents for Liver MRI | p. 35 |
| Non-Specific Extra-Cellular (ECF) Gadolinium Agents | p. 36 |
| Tissue-Specific Contrast Agents | p. 38 |
| Hepatocyte Agents | p. 38 |
| Reticulo-Endothelial System (Kupffer Cell) Agents | p. 39 |
| Diagnostic Value of Contrast Agents | p. 41 |
| Dual Contrast MRI | p. 42 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 43 |
| References | p. 43 |
| Normal and Variant Anatomy, and Imaging Artifacts | p. 67 |
| Hepatic Arterial Anatomy | p. 68 |
| Venous Anatomy | p. 68 |
| Segmental or Wedge-Shaped Signal Intensity Changes | p. 69 |
| Perfusion | p. 69 |
| Non-Portal Venous Inflow to the Liver | p. 70 |
| Lymphatic Drainage from the Liver | p. 72 |
| Post-Resection Anatomy | p. 72 |
| Artifacts from Clips, Stents, Coils, etc. | p. 72 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 73 |
| References | p. 73 |
| MRI for Characterizing Focal Lesions in the Non-Cirrhotic Liver | |
| Cysts and Cyst-Like Lesions of the Liver | p. 91 |
| Simple Liver Cysts | p. 92 |
| Polycystic Disease | p. 92 |
| Other Developmental Cysts | p. 92 |
| Hydatid Cysts | p. 93 |
| Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma | p. 93 |
| Hamartoma and Biliary Adenoma | p. 93 |
| Differential Diagnosis of Cysts and Cyst-Like Lesions | p. 94 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 95 |
| References | p. 95 |
| Solid Masses in the Non-Cirrhotic Liver | p. 111 |
| Focal Nodular Hyperplasia | p. 112 |
| Adenoma | p. 114 |
| Hemangioma | p. 116 |
| Angiomyolipoma | p. 119 |
| Peripheral Cholangiocarcinoma | p. 119 |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Non-Cirrhotic Liver | p. 119 |
| Fibrolamellar HCC | p. 120 |
| Inflammatory Pseudotumor | p. 121 |
| Hepatic Lymphoma | p. 122 |
| Miscellaneous Tumors | p. 122 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 123 |
| References | p. 123 |
| MRI in Diffuse Liver Disease | |
| Fat and the Liver | p. 175 |
| The Importance of Fat in Liver Disease | p. 176 |
| Causes of Fatty Liver | p. 176 |
| Imaging the Fatty Liver | p. 176 |
| Chemical Shift MRI | p. 176 |
| Geographic Distribution of Fatty Change | p. 177 |
| Tumors in the Fatty Liver | p. 177 |
| Fat in Liver Tumors | p. 178 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 178 |
| References | p. 178 |
| Structural and Vascular Changes in Diffuse Liver Disease | p. 193 |
| Hepatitis and Liver Fibrosis | p. 194 |
| Iron and the Liver | p. 195 |
| Budd-Chiari Syndrome | p. 197 |
| Cirrhosis | p. 199 |
| Portal Hypertension and Portal Vein Thrombosis | p. 200 |
| Other Non-Cirrhotic Conditions Causing Disturbed Liver Architecture | p. 201 |
| Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia | p. 201 |
| Peliosis | p. 202 |
| Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia | p. 202 |
| Pseudo-Cirrhosis | p. 203 |
| Post-Necrotic Scarring | p. 203 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 203 |
| References | p. 203 |
| Detecting Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Cirrhotic Liver | p. 233 |
| Dysplastic Nodules | p. 234 |
| Dysplasia and HCC | p. 234 |
| Why Look for HCC in Cirrhosis? | p. 235 |
| Who Is at High Risk of HCC in Cirrhosis? | p. 235 |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | p. 235 |
| Non-Hepatocellular Focal Lesions in the Cirrhotic Liver | p. 237 |
| An Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Cirrhotic Nodules | p. 237 |
| "Unidentified Bright Objects" | p. 240 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 241 |
| References | p. 241 |
| MRI in Metastatic Disease of the Liver | |
| Early Detection of Liver Metastases by MRI | p. 267 |
| The Role and Value of Imaging | p. 268 |
| Microscopic Metastases | p. 268 |
| The True Accuracy of Imaging | p. 268 |
| Optimizing MR Technique for Detecting Small Metastases | p. 269 |
| Recommendations | p. 271 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 271 |
| References | p. 272 |
| Characterization of Liver Metastases | p. 289 |
| MR Appearances of Liver Metastases | p. 290 |
| Differential Diagnosis | p. 293 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 296 |
| References | p. 297 |
| MRI of Liver Tumors After Treatment | p. 327 |
| Post-Operative Anatomy and Surgical Residues | p. 328 |
| Effects of Chemotherapy | p. 329 |
| Effects of Chemotherapy on Liver Parenchyma | p. 329 |
| Effects of Chemotherapy on Tumors | p. 330 |
| Thermal Ablation | p. 331 |
| Transafterial Chemo-Embolization | p. 331 |
| Differential Diagnosis | p. 332 |
| Recurrent Disease | p. 333 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 333 |
| References | p. 333 |
| Liver MRI for Biliary Obstruction | |
| Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma and Its Mimics | p. 359 |
| Associations | p. 360 |
| Anatomic Classification | p. 360 |
| Morphology and Modes of Spread | p. 360 |
| Clinical Presentation | p. 360 |
| Treatment | p. 361 |
| Objectives of Imaging | p. 361 |
| MRI Techniques | p. 361 |
| Appearances on MRI | p. 362 |
| Differential Diagnosis | p. 363 |
| Illustrative Figures | p. 363 |
| References | p. 363 |
| Some Unsolved Problems in Liver Imaging | p. 387 |
| Limitations in Detecting Small Volume Disease | p. 388 |
| Small Hypervascular Nodules in the Cirrhotic Liver | p. 390 |
| References | p. 391 |
| Index | p. 393 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
