NASA's Scientist-Astronauts

By: Shayler David (Editor), Colin Burgess (Editor)

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Paperback | 18 September 2006

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Mounting pressure in the early 1960s from the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to study ways of expanding the role of astronauts to conduct science on future space missions led to NASAa (TM)s conclusion that flying scientifically trained crewmembers would generate greater returns from each mission. NASA and industry studies continued investigating possibilities that could lead to the eventual creation of the first space stations using surplus Apollo hardware, through the Apollo Applications Programme (AAP). There was also a growing interest within the military to create their own manned space station programme, conducting on-orbit experiments and research with strategic advantages for national security. In October 1964 the Soviets launched Voskhod 1 whose 3-man crew were identified as the first a scientific passengersa (TM) in space. A few days later NASA and the NAS had completed joint studies into the possibility of using scientists in the manned space programme, and invited scientists to apply for astronaut training. In selecting the first group of scientist-astronauts, NASA had one firm requirement; any person accepted into the programme would have to qualify as a military jet pilot. While the second group of scientists were completing their academic, survival and flight training programme, the remaining members of the first scientist-astronaut group were involved in supporting the developing Apollo Applications programme and the Apollo lunar programme.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Science Physics Applied Physics Astrophysics Astronomy, Space & Time Engineering & Technology Transport Technology & Trades Aerospace & Aviation Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Space Science Astronautics

Science in General Impact of Science & Technology on Society Nature & The Natural World Popular Astronomy & Space

Foreword	p. xv
Authors' Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgements	p. xxiii
List of Illustrations	p. xxvii
List of Tables	p. xxxiii
List of Abbreviations	p. xxxv
Other Works	p. xli
Prologue	p. xliii
The Wrong Stuff	p. 1
Organising the effort	p. 1
A manned satellite project	p. 2
Orbital piloted spaceship of the Soviet Union	p. 3
Security over science?	p. 3
Who should or could fly?	p. 7
Requirements for astronaut selection - the USAF approach	p. 7
Requirements for astronaut selection - the NASA approach	p. 8
The first cosmonauts	p. 12
Pilot-astronauts not scientist-astronauts	p. 13
Science and manned space flight	p. 13
NASA's long-term planning 1959-64	p. 14
In a packed programme	p. 17
Science and manned orbital space flight 1961-76	p. 19
Salyut, Skylab and Spacelab - orbital research labs for scientists?	p. 22
References	p. 23
Scientists as Astronauts	p. 25
An essential part of future exploration	p. 26
Under careful study	p. 27
Taking immediate steps	p. 29
Reasonably strong case for immediate selection	p. 30
Selecting the selection board	p. 32
A change in selection criteria	p. 34
A new breed of astronaut	p. 35
Going through the process	p. 36
NASA's astronaut selection process	p. 37
Scientists as cosmonauts	p. 39
Voskhod - the first opportunities	p. 40
Academy of Sciences Cosmonaut Group	p. 42
Lack of assignments	p. 43
Demise of the scientist-cosmonaut group	p. 43
Waiting for the call	p. 44
Military scientists	p. 44
Physician cosmonauts	p. 45
Other selections	p. 46
Science not a priority	p. 46
Changes in selection	p. 48
A good career move?	p. 48
References	p. 48
The Scientific Six	p. 51
A gamble for glory	p. 51
A propaganda machine	p. 52
Testing the candidates	p. 52
Garriott's diary	p. 54
The chosen few	p. 57
Owen K. Garriott	p. 57
In the footsteps of pioneers	p. 58
An interesting proposition	p. 61
Edward G. Gibson	p. 62
An inauspicious start	p. 63
Changing careers	p. 65
Joseph P. Kerwin	p. 66
Just like Copernicus	p. 67
Flight surgeon school	p. 70
F. Curtis Michel	p. 71
A career in science	p. 72
Rice University	p. 73
Harrison H. Schmitt	p. 76
Hereditary interest in geology	p. 76
Looking at the Moon	p. 79
Duane E. Graveline	p. 80
Early influences	p. 80
Flight surgeon	p. 81
A time of devastation	p. 84
Other roads to travel	p. 86
The "almost" scientist-astronauts (1965)	p. 88
References	p. 91
School for Scientists	p. 93
Flight training	p. 93
Screaming Purvis	p. 97
Technical assignments and the AAP Office	p. 99
Work begins in earnest	p. 100
General training	p. 102
General training plan - 1966	p. 102
General training overview	p. 102
Science and technology summary courses	p. 103
Operational briefings	p. 105
Spacecraft systems training	p. 106
Wilderness and survival training	p. 109
Control task training	p. 111
Launch vehicle abort training	p. 114
Aircraft flight programme	p. 115
A hectic diary	p. 115
References	p. 116
The Excess Eleven	p. 117
A second selection	p. 117
The screening process	p. 118
The Group Six selection	p. 121
Joseph P. Allen IV	p. 122
A distinguished heritage	p. 122
Deciding on a future	p. 124
Philip K. Chapman	p. 126
Growing up in Australia	p. 126
International Geophysical Year	p. 128
Anthony W. England	p. 130
A family on the move	p. 131
A real turning point	p. 133
Karl G. Henize	p. 135
Just like Daniel Boone	p. 135
The skies and a thesis	p. 137
Donald L. Holmquest	p. 139
A strong educational discipline	p. 139
Applying to NASA	p. 142
William B. Lenoir	p. 142
A natural-born engineer	p. 143
Research for Apollo	p. 145
John A. Llewellyn	p. 146
Early influences	p. 148
Working in Ottawa	p. 149
F. Story Musgrave	p. 150
A childhood filled with despair	p. 150
Settling into the Marine Corps	p. 152
Brian T. O'Leary	p. 154
The influence of the heavens	p. 154
Overcoming the obstacles	p. 157
Robert A.R. Parker	p. 157
Astronomy beckons	p. 159
Reasons against selection	p. 160
William E. Thornton	p. 161
A fascination with anything aeronautical	p. 162
Introducing electronics into medicine	p. 164
The other "almost" scientist-astronauts (1967)	p. 165
References	p. 168
"Flying Is Just Not My Cup of Tea"	p. 171
Knuckling down to the task	p. 173
Back to school	p. 174
Flight training	p. 177
Strapping on the jets	p. 181
Eleven becomes ten, then nine	p. 183
Looking to the future	p. 189
Jobs on the line	p. 189
Losing the Moon	p. 194
Putting things in perspective	p. 196
References	p. 197
A Geologist on the Moon	p. 199
Supporting Apollo	p. 199
Vacuum testing Apollo	p. 201
Chamber testing the Block I CSM	p. 202
Chamber testing the Block II CSM	p. 202
Qualifying the Lunar Receiving Laboratory	p. 204
An experiment package for the Moon	p. 205
After Apollo?	p. 206
Apollo or Skylab	p. 206
Supporting the landings	p. 207
Mission scientist for the Moon	p. 210
A stroll or a ride?	p. 212
Lost missions and a crew change	p. 212
An uncertain future	p. 213
Juggling the rockets	p. 214
A difficult decision is made	p. 215
Selecting the last landing site	p. 215
A place called Taurus-Littrow	p. 216
A crew is formed	p. 217
Setting off for the final time	p. 219
The Moon looms larger	p. 221
A "go" for landing	p. 223
A geologist walks on the Moon	p. 224
Preparing for the task	p. 224
The proudest moment	p. 225
Finding orange soil	p. 226
Last steps on the lunar surface	p. 230
Heading home	p. 230
Deep-space EVA	p. 233
Journey's end	p. 235
What the future may hold	p. 238
The end of the beginning	p. 240
References	p. 241
Laboratories in the Sky	p. 243
Michel resigns	p. 243
A dissatisfied customer	p. 244
Turning to Apollo Applications	p. 245
Possibilities fade	p. 245
Looking back	p. 247
Skylab - A space station for America	p. 248
Applying Apollo to other goals	p. 248
Mercury-Gemini-Apollo-the Moon	p. 249
Applying skills to AAP	p. 250
Supporting AAP	p. 250
Science pilots for Skylab	p. 253
Skylab assignments	p. 256
Supporting Skylab	p. 258
Skylab support roles	p. 258
Dr. Bill and SMEAT	p. 261
Science pilot training	p. 264
Reviewing the Skylab training programme	p. 265
Skylab - Human experience	p. 266
The first manned mission (Skylab 2 - 25 May-22 Jun 1973)	p. 267
The second manned mission (Skylab 3 - 28 Jul-25 Sep 1973)	p. 270
The third manned mission (Skylab 4 - 16 Nov 1973-18 Feb 1974)	p. 272
Skylab Rescue - a fifth mission?	p. 276
Skylab B	p. 279
References	p. 281
Shuttling into Space	p. 283
Space Shuttle - A Reliable Access to Space?	p. 283
"An entirely new type of space transportation system"	p. 284
Reorganising the scientist-astronaut office	p. 286
Simulating Spacelab	p. 288
Shuttle's laboratory	p. 288
Ground and airborne simulations	p. 291
Airborne Science/Spacelab Experiment System Simulation (ASSESS)	p. 294
Learjet simulation programme 1972-4	p. 294
Learjet 4 simulation mission	p. 294
Origins of ASSESS	p. 295
Scientist-astronauts' role on Space Shuttle missions	p. 296
	p. 298
	p. 299
Defining the role of mission specialist	p. 299
ASSESS-II crew assignments	p. 303
Training for ASSESS-II	p. 305
ASSESS-II in flight	p. 307
Spacelab medical simulations	p. 309
	p. 310
	p. 315
	p. 316
SMD-III an overview	p. 321
The value of participation	p. 327
Mission specialists for the Shuttle	p. 328
Other early Spacelab assignments	p. 329
Selecting the first Spacelab crew	p. 329
References	p. 329
The Long Wait	p. 333
Supporting the Shuttle	p. 333
Thirty-five new guys	p. 334
"America's greatest flying machine"	p. 336
STS-5: we deliver	p. 340
Assigning the first mission specialists	p. 340
The challenge and the responsibility	p. 342
The first operational Shuttle mission	p. 342
Upgrading the Columbia	p. 344
A laid-back approach to launch	p. 345
Welcome to space	p. 346
We deliver!	p. 348
No EVA this time	p. 349
Flying for work, not comfort	p. 352
Experiments and hardware	p. 353
STS-6: the challenge of EVA	p. 356
Musgrave's STS-6 training load	p. 358
Challenger flies	p. 358
Story's story	p. 361
Medicine takes precedence over Earth science	p. 363
STS-8: Dr. Bill flies	p. 366
A workaholic astronaut	p. 366
Dr. Bill's orbital clinic	p. 368
First Shuttle night launch and night landing	p. 370
Thornton's "chamber of horrors"	p. 371
Reality of space flight	p. 374
A long wait and a short wait	p. 375
STS-9/Spacelab 1	p. 375
Occupying the Spacelab module	p. 376
More doctors than pilots	p. 377
A busy schedule	p. 380
Problems and progress	p. 387
Monkeying around with the media	p. 391
A fire on landing	p. 393
STS 51-A: we deliver and pick up - twice	p. 396
Deployment and retrieval	p. 397
Flight-specific EVA training	p. 398
Satellites for sale - the fourteenth Shuttle mission	p. 400
"Mighty Joe" returns to space	p. 401
A bone-rattling lift-off	p. 401
A butter cookie for good luck	p. 403
Flying free	p. 404
Having your hands full	p. 405
Fun in space	p. 407
STS 51-B: Spacelab 3 and those monkeys	p. 407
The second Spacelab mission	p. 408
Thornton's return	p. 409
Monkeys and men	p. 410
Problem after problem	p. 412
Running around the world	p. 413
Back on the ground	p. 413
STS 51-F: Spacelab 2 and three scientist-astronauts	p. 414
False starts but a fine mission	p. 416
A long preparation	p. 416
Spain or Earth orbit?	p. 419
Karl flying high	p. 421
Taking the last chance to fly	p. 422
Another trip into space?	p. 427
References	p. 428
Ending of Eras	p. 431
Moving on - life after space flight	p. 431
Joe Kerwin - Skylab-Shuttle-Space Station	p. 432
Astronaut Office - circa spring 1984	p. 433
After Spacelab 1	p. 433
Lenoir departs - and comes back	p. 434
Joe Allen and the ISF	p. 435
CB points of contact for Flight Data File - November 1985	p. 438
After Challenger	p. 439
Tony England - Losing Sunlab and back to teaching	p. 439
Karl Henize - new mountains to climb	p. 440
Owen Garriott - EOM and SPEDO	p. 442
Return-to-flight and a return to space	p. 444
Bill Thornton	p. 444
An astronomer for Astro	p. 448
Forty days from Halley's Comet	p. 448
Temporary duty in Washington	p. 449
Astro-1 flies - eventually	p. 449
Parker's role on Astro-1	p. 451
Back to Washington	p. 453
Six missions and thirty years	p. 456
Education and mission support	p. 456
Military Musgrave	p. 458
Servicing Hubble	p. 462
Back in the pool	p. 464
Improving Musgrave's ratio	p. 466
The last flight	p. 468
"You can't fly anymore!"	p. 472
All good things come to an end	p. 474
References	p. 475
Science Officers on ISS	p. 477
Building a dream	p. 478
From imagination to reality	p. 479
Science on ISS	p. 482
ISS science officer	p. 482
Science officer - a job description	p. 482
NASA's first ISS science officer	p. 484
Saturday morning science - ISS Science Officer Two	p. 486
A reduced role - ISS science officers 2003-5	p. 486
Is the "science officer" really a science officer?	p. 487
Future roles?	p. 489
Are science officers today's scientist-astronauts?	p. 489
Memories from orbit	p. 494
References	p. 495
Chronology of the NASA Scientist-Astronaut Programme	p. 497
Scientist-Astronaut Careers and Experience	p. 505
Spaceflight Records and EVA Experience	p. 507
Profiles of the Seventeen	p. 511
Where Are They Now?	p. 519
Bibliography	p. 527
Index	p. 533
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

NASA's Scientist-Astronauts

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