Dedication Acknowledgments Preface Vassil St. Georgiev Contributors Part I. Introduction 0. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID): An Overview Karl A. Western Part II. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Section 1. Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections 1 Biotools for Determining the Genetics of Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases and Expediting Research Translation into Effective Countermeasures Malak Kotb, Robert W. Williams, Nourtan Fathey, Mohamed Nooh, Sarah Rowe, Rita Kansal, and Ramy Aziz 2 Spore Surface Components and Protective Immunity to Bacillus anthracis Patricia Sylvestre, Ian Justin Glomski, Evelyne Couture-Tosi, Pierre Louis Goossens, and Michele Mock 3 New Candidate Anthrax Pathogenic Factors Serguei G. Popov 4 Ehrlichiae and Ehrlichioses: Pathogenesis and Vector Biology H. L. Stevenson, N. Ismail, and D.H. Walker 5 Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Analysis (MLVA) of Brucella spp. Identifies Species-Specific Markers and Insights into Phylogenetic Relationships Lynn Y. Huynh, Matthew N. Van Ert, Ted Hadfield, William S. Probert, Bryan H. Bellaire, Michael Dobson, Robert J. Burgess, Robbin S. Weyant, Tanja Popovic, Shaylan Zanecki, David M. Wagner, and Paul Keim 6 Expression of the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE Efflux Pump in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Bacterial Survival in the Presence of Antimicrobials William M. Shafer, Jason P. Folster, Douglas E. Warner, Paul J. T. Johnson, Jennifer Rocco, Jacqueline. T. Balthazar, Nazia Kamal, and Ann E. Jerse Section 2. Tuberculosis 7 What can Mycobacteriophages Tell Us About Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Graham F. Hatfull 8 Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Differ in their Intracellular Growth in Human Macrophages Sue A. Theus, M. Donald Cave, Kathleen D. Eisenach 9 Mechanisms of Latent Tuberculosis: Dormancy and Resuscitation of M. tuberculosis Galina Mukamolova, Elena Salina, and Arseny Kaprelyants 10 Separating Latent and Acute Disease in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis T. Mark Doherty 11 Mutant Selection Window Hypothesis: A Framework for Anti-Mutant Dosing of Antimicrobial Agents Karl Drlica and Xilin Zhao Section 3. Avian Influenza 12 The NIAID Influenza Genome Sequencing Project Lone Simonsen, Gayle Bernabe, Karen Lacourciere, Robert J. Taylor, and Maria Y. Giovanni 13 Lessons from the 1918 Spanish Flu Epidemic in Iceland Magnus Gottfredsson 14 Control of Notifiable Avian Influenza Infections in Poultry Ilaria Capua and Stefano Marangon 15 Understanding the Complex Pathobiology of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Birds David E. Swayne Section 4. Prophylactics and Therapeutics for Infectious Diseases 16 Development of Prophylactics and Therapeutics against the Smallpox and Monkeypox Biothreat Agents Mark Buller, Lauren Handley, and Scott Parker 17 The Hierarchic Informational Technology for QSAR Investigations. Molecular Design of Antiviral Compounds. V. E. Kuz'min, A. G. Artemenko, E. N. Muratov, L. N. Ognichenko, A. I. Hromov, A.V. Liahovskij, and P.G. Polischuk 18 Antivirals for Influenza: Novel Agents and Approaches William A Fischer II, and Frederick Hayden 19 Anti-Infectious Actions of the Proteolysis Inhibitor e-Aminocaproic Acid (E-ACA) V. P. Lozitsky 20 A New Highly Potent Antienteroviral Compound Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb, Stefan Philipov, and Angel S. Galabov Section 5. Russian Perspectives in Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections Research 21 Reduction and Possible Mechanisms of Evolution of the Bacterial Genomes George B. Smirnov 22 Interaction of Yersinia pestis Virulence Factors with IL-1R/TLR Recognition System Vyacheslav M. Abramov, Valentin S. Khlebnikov, Anatoly M. Vasiliev, Igor V. Kosarev, Raisa N. Vasilenko, Nataly L. Kulikova, Vladimir L. Motin, Georgy B. Smirnov, Valentin I. Evstigneev, Nicolay N. Karkischenko, Vladimir N. Uversky, and Robert R. Brubaker 23 IS481-Induced Variability of Bordetella pertussis Ludmila N. Sinyashina, Alisa Yu. Medkova, Evgeniy G. Semin, Alexander V. Chestkov, Yuriy D. Tsygankov, and Gennagiy I. Karataev 24 Microarray Immunophosphorescence Technology for the Detection of Infectious Pathogens Nikolay S. Osin and Vera G. Pomelova 25 Development of Immunodiagnostic Kits and Vaccines for Bacterial Infections Valentina A. Feodorova and Onega V. Ulianova Section 6. Perspectives in Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections -- Research in Central Asia and Caucases 26 Research in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Contributions by the the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH Katherine T. Herz 27 Disease Surveillance in Georgia: Benefits of International Cooperation Lela Bakanidze, Paata Imnadze, Shota Tsanava, and Nikoloz Tsertsvadze 28 Epidemiology (Including Molecular Epidemiology) of HIV, Hepatitis B and C in Georgia: Experience from US-Georgian Collaboration Tengiz Tsertsvadze 29 The National Tuberculosis Program in the Republic of Georgia:An Overview Archil Salakaia, Veriko Mirtskhulava, Shalva Gamtsemlidze, Marina Janjgava, Rusudan Aspindzelashvili,and Ucha Nanava Part III. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS 30 Virus Receptor Wars: Entry Molecules Used For and Against Viruses Associated with AIDS Edward A. Berger 31 HIV Latency and Reactivation: The Early Years. Guido Poli 32 HIV-1 Sequence Diversity as A Window into HIV-1 Biology Milloni Patel, Gretja Schnell, and Ronald Swanstrom 33 Human Monoclonal Antibodies against HIV and Emerging Viruses Dimiter S. Dimitrov 34 Biological Basis and Clinical Significance of HIV Resistance to Antiviral Drugs Mark A. Wainberg and Susan Schader 35 NIAID HIV/AIDS Prevention Research David N. Burns and Roberta Black 36 Epidemiological Surveillance of HIV and AIDS in Lithuania Saulius Caplinskas Part IV. Immunology and vaccines Section 1. Immunomodulation 37 TACI, Isotype Switching, CVID and IgAD Emanuela Castigli and Raif S. Geha 38 A Tapestry of Immunotherapeutic Fusion Proteins: From Signal Conversion to Auto-Stimulation Mark L. Tykocinski, Jui-Han Huang, and Michal Dranitzky-Elhalelbbi 39 A Role for Complement System in Mobilization and Homing of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells R. Reca, M. Wysoczynski, M. Kucia, J. Ratajczak, and M. Z.ajczak 40 Post-Translational Processing of Human Interferon-y Produced in Escherichia coli and Approaches for Its Prevention Maya Boyanova, Roumyana Mironova, Toshimitsu Niwa, and Ivan G. Ivanov Section 2. Autoimmunity 41 B-Cell Dysfunctions in Autoimmune Diseases Moncef Zouali 42 A Model System for Studying Mechanisms of B-Cell Transformation In Systemic Autoimmunity Wendy F. Davidson, Partha Mukhopadhyay, Mark S. Williams, Zohreh Naghashfar, Jeff X. Zhou, and Herbert C. Morse III 43 Breach and Restoration of B-Cell Tolerance in Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Inaki Sanz, R. John Looney, and J. H. Anolik Section 3. Infection and Immunity 44 Dendritic Cells: Biological and Pathological Aspects Jacques Banchereau, John Connolly, Tiziana Di Pucchio, Carson Harrod, Eynav Klechevsky, A. Karolina Palucka, Virginia Pascual, and Hideki Ueno 45 Immunomic and Bioinformatics Analysis of Host Immunity in the Vaccinia Virus and Influenza A Systems Magdalini Moutaftsi, Bjoern Peters, Valerie Pasquetto, Carla Oseroff, John Sidney, Huynh Hoa-Bui, Howard Grey, and Alessandro Sette 46 Immunoreaction to Hantaviruses Alemka Markotic and Connie Schmaljohn 47 Innate Immunity to Mouse Cytomegalovirus Durdica Cekinovic, Irena Slavuljica, Tihana Lenac, Astrid Krmpotic, Bojan Polic and Stipan Jonjic Section 4. Vaccines 48 Research and Development of Chimeric Flavivirus Vaccines Simon Delagrave, and Farshad Guirakhoo 49 Correlates of Immunity Elicited by Live Yersinia pestis Vaccine Vivian L. Braciale, Michael Nash, Namita Sinha, Irina V. Zudina, and Vladimir L. Motin Part V. Building A Sustainable PERSONAL Research Portfolio 50 Strategies for a Competitive Research Career Hortencia Hornbeak and Peter R. Jackson 51 Selecting the Appropriate Funding Mechanism Priti Mehrotra, Hortencia Hornbeak, Peter R. Jackson, and Eugene Baizman 52 Preparing and Submitting a Competitive Grant Application Peter R. Jackson and Hortencia Hornbeak 53 Identifying Research Resources and Funding Opportunities Eugene Baizman, Hortencia Hornbeak, Peter R. Jackson, and Priti Mehrotra
