| Hazardous Wastes Pollution and Evolution of Remediation | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Concept of Risk | p. 2 |
| The Decision Making Framework | p. 3 |
| Evolution of Understanding of Fate and Transport in Natural Systems | p. 4 |
| Evolution of Remediation Technologies | p. 7 |
| References | p. 11 |
| Contaminant and Environmental Characteristics | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 14 |
| Contaminant Characteristics | p. 18 |
| Physical/Chemical Properties | p. 18 |
| Boiling Point | p. 18 |
| Vapor Pressure | p. 18 |
| Henry's Law Constant | p. 19 |
| Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients | p. 20 |
| Solubility in Water | p. 20 |
| Hydrolysis | p. 22 |
| Photolytic Reactions in Surface Water | p. 24 |
| Biological Characteristics | p. 26 |
| Cometabolism | p. 27 |
| Kinetics of Biodegradation | p. 32 |
| Environmental Characteristics | p. 38 |
| Sorption Coefficient | p. 38 |
| Soil Sorption Coefficients | p. 43 |
| Factors Affecting Sorption Coefficients | p. 48 |
| Oxidation-Reduction Capacities of Aquifer Solids | p. 51 |
| pe and pH | p. 51 |
| REDOX Poise | p. 52 |
| REDOX Reactions | p. 53 |
| References | p. 58 |
| Monitored Natural Attenuation | p. 63 |
| Introduction | p. 64 |
| Definitions of Natural Attenuation | p. 64 |
| Approaches for Evaluating Natural Attenuation | p. 65 |
| Patterns vs. Protocols | p. 70 |
| Protocols for Natural Attenuation | p. 70 |
| Patterns of Natural Attenuation | p. 71 |
| Various Patterns of Natural Attenuation | p. 72 |
| Processes Affecting Natural Attenuation of Compounds | p. 79 |
| Movement of Contaminants in the Subsurface | p. 79 |
| Dilution (Recharge) | p. 79 |
| Advection | p. 81 |
| Dispersion | p. 83 |
| Phase Transfers | p. 85 |
| Sorption | p. 85 |
| Stabilization | p. 88 |
| Volatilization | p. 89 |
| Transformation Mechanisms | p. 89 |
| Biodegradation | p. 90 |
| Monitoring and Sampling for Natural Attenuation | p. 109 |
| Dissolved Oxygen (DO) | p. 113 |
| Oxidation-Reduction (REDOX) Potential (ORP) | p. 117 |
| pH | p. 119 |
| Filtered vs. Unfiltered Samples for Metals | p. 120 |
| Field Filtration and the Nature of Groundwater Particulates | p. 121 |
| Reasons for Field Filtration | p. 122 |
| Low-Flow Sampling as a Paradigm for Filtration | p. 124 |
| A Comparison Study | p. 125 |
| References | p. 126 |
| In Situ Reactive Zones | p. 131 |
| Introduction | p. 132 |
| Engineered Anaerobic Systems | p. 135 |
| Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (ERD) Systems | p. 135 |
| Early Evidence | p. 135 |
| Biostimulation vs. Bioaugmentation | p. 136 |
| Mechanisms of Reductive Dechlorination | p. 138 |
| Microbiology of Reductive Dechlorination | p. 142 |
| Cometabolic Dechlorination | p. 142 |
| Dechlorination by Halorespiring Microorganisms | p. 144 |
| Electron Donors | p. 147 |
| Production of H[subscript 2] by Fermentation | p. 149 |
| Competition for H[subscript 2] | p. 152 |
| Mixture of Compounds on Kinetics | p. 155 |
| Temperature Effects | p. 158 |
| Anaerobic Oxidation | p. 158 |
| Electron Acceptors and Nutrients | p. 158 |
| Field Implementation of IRZ for Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination | p. 160 |
| Lessons Learned | p. 163 |
| Derivation of a Completely Mixed System for Groundwater Solute Transport of Chlorinated Ethenes | p. 170 |
| IRZ Performance Data | p. 177 |
| In Situ Metals Precipitation | p. 183 |
| Principles of Heavy Metals Precipitation | p. 187 |
| Aquifer Parameters and Transport Mechanisms | p. 195 |
| Contaminant Removal Mechanisms | p. 196 |
| In Situ Denitrification | p. 197 |
| Perchlorate Reduction | p. 199 |
| Engineered Aerobic Systems | p. 200 |
| Direct Aerobic Oxidation | p. 200 |
| Aerobic Cometabolic Oxidation | p. 202 |
| MTBE Degradation | p. 204 |
| In Situ Chemical Oxidation Systems | p. 205 |
| Advantages | p. 206 |
| Concerns | p. 207 |
| Oxidation Chemistry | p. 208 |
| Hydrogen Peroxide | p. 211 |
| Potassium Permanganate | p. 213 |
| Ozone | p. 216 |
| Application | p. 218 |
| Oxidation of 1,4-Dioxane by Ozone | p. 222 |
| Biodegradation Enhanced by Chemical Oxidation Pretreatment | p. 223 |
| Nano-Scale Fe (0) Colloid Injection within an IRZ | p. 223 |
| Production of Nano-Scale Iron Particles | p. 228 |
| Injection of Nano-Scale Particles in Permeable Sediments | p. 231 |
| Organic Contaminants Treatable by Fe (0) | p. 231 |
| References | p. 233 |
| Phytoremediation | p. 239 |
| Introduction | p. 240 |
| Chemicals in the Soil-Plant System | p. 241 |
| Metals | p. 241 |
| Organics | p. 242 |
| Types of Phytoremediation | p. 244 |
| Phytoaccumulation | p. 245 |
| Phytodegradation | p. 248 |
| Phytostabilization | p. 250 |
| Phytovolatilization | p. 251 |
| Rhizodegradation | p. 252 |
| Rhizofiltration | p. 256 |
| Phytoremediation for Groundwater Containment | p. 259 |
| Phytoremediation of Dredged Sediments | p. 260 |
| Phytoremediation Design | p. 261 |
| Contaminant Levels | p. 265 |
| Plant Selection | p. 265 |
| Treatability | p. 266 |
| Irrigation, Agronomic Inputs, and Maintenance | p. 266 |
| Groundwater Capture Zone and Transpiration Rate | p. 267 |
| References | p. 267 |
| Constructed Treatment Wetlands | p. 269 |
| Introduction | p. 270 |
| Beyond Municipal Wastewater | p. 272 |
| Looking Inside the "Black Box" | p. 273 |
| Potential "Attractive Nuisances" | p. 274 |
| Regulatory Uncertainty and Barriers | p. 275 |
| Types of Constructed Wetlands | p. 276 |
| Horizontal Flow Systems | p. 276 |
| Vertical Flow Systems | p. 277 |
| Microbial and Plant Communities of a Wetland | p. 278 |
| Bacteria and Fungi | p. 278 |
| Algae | p. 279 |
| Species of Vegetation for Treatment Wetland Systems | p. 279 |
| Free-Floating Macrophyte-Based Systems | p. 282 |
| Emergent Aquatic Macrophyte-Based Systems | p. 284 |
| Emergent Macrophyte-Based Systems with Horizontal Subsurface Flow | p. 285 |
| Emergent Macrophyte-Based Systems with Vertical Subsurface Flow | p. 285 |
| Submerged Macrophyte-Based Systems | p. 285 |
| Multistage Macrophyte-Based Treatment Systems | p. 287 |
| Treatment-Wetland Soils | p. 287 |
| Cation Exchange Capacity | p. 289 |
| Oxidation and Reduction Reactions | p. 290 |
| pH | p. 292 |
| Biological Influences on Hydric Soils | p. 292 |
| Microbial Soil Processes | p. 292 |
| Treatment Wetland Soils | p. 293 |
| Contaminant Removal Mechanisms | p. 294 |
| Volatilization | p. 294 |
| Partitioning and Storage | p. 295 |
| Hydraulic Retention Time | p. 297 |
| Treatment Wetlands for Groundwater Remediation | p. 299 |
| Metals-Laden Water Treatment | p. 300 |
| A Case Study for Metals Removal | p. 302 |
| Removal of Toxic Organics | p. 306 |
| Biodegradation | p. 306 |
| Removal of Inorganics | p. 309 |
| Wetland Morphology, Hydrology, and Landscape Position | p. 309 |
| References | p. 310 |
| Engineered Vegetative Landfill Covers | p. 313 |
| Historical Perspective on Landfill Practices | p. 314 |
| The Role of Caps in the Containment of Wastes | p. 315 |
| Conventional Landfill Covers | p. 316 |
| Landfill Dynamics | p. 317 |
| Alternative Landfill Cover Technology | p. 321 |
| Phyto-Cover Technology | p. 321 |
| Benefits of Phyto-Covers over Traditional RCRA Caps | p. 326 |
| Enhancing In Situ Biodegradation | p. 326 |
| Gas Permeability | p. 327 |
| Ecological and Aesthetic Advantages | p. 327 |
| Maintenance, Economic, and Public Safety Advantages | p. 329 |
| Phyto-Cover Design | p. 329 |
| Vegetative Cover Soils | p. 330 |
| Nonsoil Amendment | p. 331 |
| Plants and Trees | p. 331 |
| Cover System Performance | p. 332 |
| Hydrologic Water Balance | p. 332 |
| Precipitation | p. 335 |
| Runoff | p. 335 |
| Potential Evapotranspiration--Measured Data | p. 337 |
| Potential Evapotranspiration--Empirical Data | p. 339 |
| Effective Evapotranspiration | p. 340 |
| Water Balance Model | p. 343 |
| Example Application | p. 344 |
| Summary of Phyto-Cover Water Balance | p. 347 |
| General Phyto-Cover Maintenance Activities | p. 348 |
| Site Inspections | p. 348 |
| Soil Moisture Monitoring | p. 349 |
| Drainage Measurement | p. 350 |
| General Irrigation Guidelines | p. 352 |
| Tree Evaluation | p. 356 |
| Stem | p. 356 |
| Leaves | p. 356 |
| Agronomic Chemistry Sampling | p. 357 |
| Safety and Preventative Maintenance | p. 359 |
| Repairs and Maintenance | p. 359 |
| Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Schedule | p. 359 |
| Year 1--Establishment | p. 360 |
| Years 2 and 3--Active Maintenance | p. 360 |
| Year 4--Passive Maintenance | p. 361 |
| Specific Operational Issues | p. 362 |
| Irrigation System Requirements | p. 362 |
| Tree Replacement | p. 362 |
| References | p. 362 |
| Physical Properties of Some Common Environmental Contaminants | p. 365 |
| Useful Information for Biogeochemical Sampling | p. 383 |
| Common and Scientific Names of Various Plants | p. 405 |
| Index | p. 409 |
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