| The being of neural cells | |
| The operation of memory (a single neuron can learn) | p. 11 |
| Brain straightforward sight | p. 11 |
| Prediction of future events after learning | p. 21 |
| Basic types of learning at the neuronal level | p. 21 |
| *How does a neuron reveal, which type of learning tasks it has encountered? | p. 31 |
| Location of functions in the brain | p. 35 |
| Location of memory in the brain | p. 40 |
| Memory location in the pre- and postsynaptic structures | p. 46 |
| Plasticity of excitable membrane | p. 54 |
| The chemical nature of memory | p. 76 |
| Chemical traces of memory and chemical sensitivity of memory | p. 76 |
| Biological meaning during habituation is acquired or lost by chemical means | p. 83 |
| The direction to chemical specificity of memory | p. 90 |
| Nontemplate RNA synthesis? | p. 94 |
| Preparing of 'a whole' out of mutual interactions | p. 100 |
| *Forward propagation of prediction | p. 106 |
| The verve of injured neurons (a single neuron tries to survive) | p. 113 |
| Neurons and glia operate together | p. 113 |
| Death through necrosis (murder of cells) and apoptosis (suicide of a cell) | p. 114 |
| Neural and glial cells assist in survival | p. 119 |
| Spread of damage within a tissue | p. 123 |
| Cell coupling through gap junctions | p. 124 |
| Multiple pathways for cell survival | p. 127 |
| Damage through excitation and the paradoxical properties of an injured neuron | p. 127 |
| Second messengers and cell survival | p. 133 |
| Intercellular protection by retrograde messengers and cytokines | p. 137 |
| Protection through a detoured route | p. 142 |
| Nonlinear dependencies of doses, time and reciprocal interactions | p. 144 |
| Homeostasis as a resetting and reorganization | p. 147 |
| Homeostasis against death | p. 147 |
| Sensors | p. 152 |
| A bit of injury is sometimes even beneficial | p. 156 |
| Can homeostasis be perfected with experience? | p. 161 |
| Long-term potentiation as a form of cell damage | p. 165 |
| Is LTP something like an excitotoxicity? | p. 166 |
| Parallelism between damage-protection and LTP | p. 166 |
| Development and LTP | p. 169 |
| Temporal scopes of damage, LTP and learning | p. 171 |
| Depotentiation and protection | p. 172 |
| Preconditioning of LTP and compensation of damage | p. 173 |
| Specificity of LTP | p. 174 |
| Subjective nature of motivation (a single neuron can want) | p. 177 |
| Motivation as the simplest tool for investigation of the objective roots of a subjective life | p. 177 |
| The way a question is formulated | p. 177 |
| Motivation as a homeostatic recovery | p. 178 |
| Chemical nature of motivations | p. 180 |
| Control of motivations by means of motivationally-relevant substances | p. 180 |
| Chemical specificity of motivations is not absolute | p. 183 |
| Motivation reorganizes brain temperature and energy metabolism | p. 186 |
| Localization of metabolic aims of goal-directed behavior in the brain | p. 187 |
| Elemental motivations emerge in a result of transient cell damage | p. 189 |
| Defensive motivations | p. 189 |
| Respiratory motivation | p. 192 |
| Temperature regulation | p. 193 |
| Drinking motivation | p. 194 |
| Feeding motivation | p. 195 |
| Sexual motivation | p. 198 |
| Artificial motivations: drug-dependence, self-administration and self-stimulation | p. 201 |
| Motivation to sleep | p. 205 |
| Reward protects neurons from damage | p. 207 |
| Place of rewards in motivational behavior | p. 207 |
| Chemical mediators of a conscious reward | p. 209 |
| Inhibitory actions of rewards | p. 212 |
| Specialized neurons generate motivations and accept rewards | p. 216 |
| Protective actions of rewards | p. 217 |
| Goal-directed behavior of single cells | p. 219 |
| Motivationally-relevant substances distort properties of an excitable membrane | p. 220 |
| How small may be the brain signal controlling a body? | p. 221 |
| The simplest behavior: chemotaxis | p. 223 |
| Goal-directed behavior of single neurons | p. 226 |
| Paradoxical properties of instrumental reactions | p. 241 |
| Trial-and-error at the cellular level during instrumental conditioning | p. 245 |
| Goal-directed actions (a single neuron can behave) | p. 247 |
| A physiological description of voluntary actions | p. 247 |
| An origin of agency and voluntary actions | p. 250 |
| Common decision and the only reaction of the whole brain | p. 252 |
| Gap junctions enriches a brain with a new quality | p. 254 |
| Choice of alternatives with respect to the output | p. 257 |
| Formation of neuronal ensembles during tension | p. 261 |
| Physiology of free will | p. 266 |
| Instability of neuronal reactions | p. 266 |
| Instability and trial-and-error | p. 269 |
| Organization of choice | p. 275 |
| Free will without mysticism | p. 277 |
| The emergence of higher-level organizations from the interactions of lower-level units | p. 280 |
| Death as an awareness-rising factor (a single neuron can suffer and delight) | p. 287 |
| Physiological access to consciousness | p. 288 |
| Merging of odd information in aware perception | p. 293 |
| Changeability of consciousness | p. 295 |
| Recurring change of consciousness during bipolar disorder | p. 297 |
| Properties of the alive, but unconscious brain | p. 298 |
| Inhibition in the brain and consciousness | p. 299 |
| Chemical modulation of consciousness | p. 302 |
| Materialization of the SELF | p. 304 |
| Discrete time steps in perception | p. 308 |
| Common currency for choice: between displeasure and pleasure | p. 309 |
| What is bad and good for a neuron? | p. 311 |
| Mathematics of feeling | |
| Introduction to fuzzy logic | p. 317 |
| Phenomenology of a neural cell's behavior and fuzzy logic | p. 317 |
| Perceptions as a Mathematical Object | p. 319 |
| Possibility and Fuzzy Set | p. 319 |
| Logical Connectives and Triangular Norms | p. 321 |
| *Consistent t-norms | p. 324 |
| Mathematical Operations with Fuzzy Quantities and Zadeh's Extensional Principle | p. 325 |
| Extensional Principle of L.Zadeh | p. 326 |
| Fuzzy functions | p. 327 |
| Fuzzy differential inclusions | p. 328 |
| *Fuzzy integral | p. 330 |
| Evolution of Perceptions | p. 335 |
| Fuzzy Dynamics: Evolution of a System with Vague Parameters and Uncertainty in the Dynamics law | p. 335 |
| Fuzzy logic setup of the evolution problems | p. 337 |
| Master-Equation of fuzzy dynamics | p. 339 |
| Fuzzy trajectories | p. 341 |
| The most possible and impossible trajectories of the fuzzy evolution | p. 344 |
| *Fuzzy dynamics of "oscillator" | p. 345 |
| *Splitting of the fuzzy trajectory into a bundle | p. 347 |
| *Some fundamental solutions of the fuzzy dynamics equations | p. 349 |
| *Behavior of fuzzy system near critical points | p. 354 |
| Evolution of uncertainty | p. 356 |
| Evolution of perceptions | p. 358 |
| Fuzzy dynamics of a neuronal behavior | p. 361 |
| Linguistic variables and linguistic rules of a neuron's behavior | p. 361 |
| Fuzzy dynamics of a neural cell's learning | p. 367 |
| A simplified model of the neuron's learning | p. 369 |
| Solutions of fuzzy dynamics model of a neural cell's behavior | p. 371 |
| Conclusion: Is real neuron a primary fuzzy unit? | p. 383 |
| The operation of memory | p. 383 |
| The verve of injured neurons | p. 386 |
| Subjective nature of motivation | p. 390 |
| Goal-directed actions | p. 399 |
| Death as an awareness-rising factor | p. 403 |
| Fuzzy dynamics model of neuronal behavior | p. 403 |
| Fuzzy logic of a neural cell | p. 405 |
| Artificial motivational neurons and feeling robots | p. 411 |
| Appendix | p. 413 |
| *Model of a chemical memory of a neuron | p. 413 |
| *An alternative type of fuzzy dynamics equations | p. 423 |
| References | p. 429 |
| Index | p. 471 |
| List of symbols | p. 475 |
| List of definitions | p. 477 |
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