Nonlinear RF Circuits and Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzers

Interactive Measurement and Design Techniques

By: Patrick Roblin

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Hardcover | 2 June 2011

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300 Pages

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With increasingly low-cost and power-efficient RF electronics demanded by today's wireless communication systems, it is essential to keep up to speed with new developments. This book presents key advances in the field that you need to know about and emerging patterns in large-signal measurement techniques, modeling and nonlinear circuit design theory supported by practical examples. Topics covered include: â¢ Novel large-signal measurement techniques that have become available with the introduction of nonlinear vector network analyzers (NVNA), such as the LSNA, PNA-X and SWAP â¢ Direct extraction of device models from large-signal RF dynamic loadlines â¢ Characterization of memory effects (self-heating, traps) with pulsed RF measurements â¢ Interactive design of power-efficient amplifiers (PA) and oscillators using ultra-fast multi-harmonic active load-pull â¢ Volterra and poly-harmonic distortion (X-parameters) behavioral modeling â¢ Oscillator phase noise theory â¢ Balancing, modeling and poly-harmonic linearization of broadband RFIC modulators â¢ Development of a frequency selective predistorter to linearize PAs

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Radio Technology Science Physics Electricity Electronics Engineering Microwave Technology WAP & Wireless Technology

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiv
Wireless signals	p. 1
Modern wireless communications	p. 1
OFDM primer	p. 3
Impact of clipping on OFDM	p. 9
Spectral regrowth and clipping	p. 12
Metrics	p. 13
Multisine	p. 14
References	p. 15
Large-signal vector measurement techniques with NVNAs	p. 17
Measurement of RF signals	p. 17
Principle of operation of vector large-signal measurements	p. 19
Sampler-based principle of operation	p. 23
Relative and absolute power and harmonic phase calibrations	p. 27
Calibration for connectorized devices	p. 27
On-wafer calibration	p. 33
Tuner deembedding with the LSNA	p. 35
Definitions	p. 36
Extraction of ßC, C, and C in TC	p. 38
Extraction of (1/KC)TP	p. 38
Extraction of LRRM(Zx)	p. 39
Modulated measurements and IF calibration	p. 39
Absolute time reference calibration for RF modulated measurements	p. 40
Broadband measurements with the LSNA	p. 42
Principle of phase calibration	p. 44
Experimental results and discussions	p. 48
Pulsed-RF small- and large-signal measurements	p. 51
Analysis of pulsed-RF signals	p. 52
Pulsed I-V pulsed-RF measurement system with the LSNA	p. 53
Measurement bandwidth	p. 55
Envelope analysis of pulsed-RF signals	p. 56
Multiple recording of pulsed-RF signals	p. 58
Multiple recording for CW signals	p. 59
Multiple recording for jointly pulsed and modulated signals	p. 62
References	p. 63
Device modeling and verification with NVNA measurements	p. 66
Model verification	p. 66
Model symmetry	p. 72
Device parasitics	p. 75
Model extraction from power-sweep measurements	p. 81
Model extraction from dynamic loadline measurements	p. 83
References	p. 87
Characterization and modeling of memory effects in RF power transistors	p. 89
Importance of memory effects in RF devices	p. 89
Distributed and transient models for self-heating in power transistors	p. 90
Steady-state thermal modeling	p. 90
Implementation of the distributed thermal model	p. 92
Transient thermal response	p. 94
Modeling of the transient thermal response	p. 96
Identification of self-heating using pulsed I-V pulsed-RF measurements	p. 98
CW dynamic loadline measurement system	p. 99
Pulsed I-V pulsed-RF loadline measurement system	p. 99
Origin of the I-V knee walk-out in the CW-RF loadlines	p. 100
Trapping in GaN HEMTs	p. 103
Characterization with a combined LSNA/DLOS system	p. 105
Quasi-static device parasitics	p. 108
Rate equation for physical modeling of trapping effects	p. 111
Two-trap-level model	p. 113
Cyclostationary effect	p. 115
Theory	p. 115
Experimental investigations	p. 116
References	p. 120
Interactive loadline-based design of RF power amplifiers	p. 124
Review of power amplifiers of various classes (A-F)	p. 124
Output termination with load-pull measurements	p. 134
Active load-pull measurements	p. 135
Real-time active load-pull measurements	p. 136
Class-F design with RTALP	p. 140
Complete design cycle for a pHEMT amplifier	p. 147
RTALP of PAs for pulsed I-V pulsed-RF class-B operation	p. 150
P1dB contour plot	p. 154
Class-E PA operation	p. 155
References	p. 158
Behavioral modeling	p. 160
Behavioral model for SISO and MIMO systems	p. 160
Volterra modeling	p. 161
Volterra algorithm	p. 162
Model derivation	p. 165
Analytic example	p. 168
Model extraction	p. 171
Experimental model extraction and validation	p. 172
Phase reference	p. 174
Poly-harmonic distortion model (PHD)	p. 175
Single-band multi-harmonic envelope PA model	p. 179
Input signal	p. 180
Orthogonal Chaillot expansion	p. 180
Memoryless nonlinear system modeling	p. 183
Quasi-memoryless nonlinear system modeling	p. 185
Power-series expansion	p. 186
Multi-path model partitioning	p. 187
Time-selective single-band multi-harmonic envelope PA model	p. 187
Two-band fundamental envelope PA model	p. 190
Nonlinear power-amplifier characterization with NVNA	p. 192
Extension to higher-order nonlinearities	p. 194
Modulated two-band model	p. 195
Appendix: Volterra series expansion for a four-tone excitation	p. 198
References	p. 200
Kurokawa theory of oscillator design and phase-noise theory	p. 201
Oscillator operating point	p. 201
Kurokawa theory of oscillators	p. 203
Vector measurement of device line with real-time active load-pull	p. 207
Test oscillator circuit	p. 207
Real-time multi-harmonic active load-pull system	p. 208
Experimental results	p. 209
Self-oscillation test	p. 213
Impact of white noise on an oscillator	p. 215
Impact of 1/f noise on an oscillator	p. 222
Derivation of Sa,1/f()	p. 223
Derivation of S,1/f()	p. 224
Range of validity of the Kurokawa equations	p. 227
Injection locking and additive phase-noise measurements	p. 229
Theory	p. 229
Experimental measurements	p. 233
References	p. 235
Design, modeling, and linearization of mixers, modulators, and demodulators	p. 237
Vector characterization of an I-Q modulator	p. 237
Balancing of an I-Q modulator	p. 237
K modeling	p. 238
I-Q modulator characterization with LSNA	p. 240
K modeling of an I-Q modulator and an I-Q demodulator chain	p. 243
Polyphase multi-path technique	p. 248
Nonlinear behavior	p. 249
Polyphase multi-path technique	p. 249
Poly-harmonic modeling of a single-sideband modulator	p. 253
Theory	p. 253
Poly-harmonic predistortion linearization test results	p. 257
References	p. 261
Linearization of RF power amplifiers with memory	p. 262
Predistortion linearization and the impact of memory effects	p. 262
Predistortion for quasi-memoryless amplifiers	p. 266
Linearization for PAs modeled with memory polynomials	p. 269
Two-band frequency-selective predistorter	p. 274
References	p. 279
Index	p. 280
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Nonlinear RF Circuits and Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzers

Interactive Measurement and Design Techniques

At a Glance

Hardcover

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