Nuclear Electric Power

Preface ix

Glossary xiii

Principal Nomenclature xv

1. Energy Sources, Grid Compatibility, Economics, and the Environment 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Geothermal Energy 3

1.3 Hydroelectricity 5

1.4 Solar Energy 7

1.5 Tidal Energy 8

1.6 Wind Energy 13

1.7 Fossil-Fired Power Generation 17

1.8 Nuclear Generation and Reactor Choice 20

1.9 A Prologue 30

2. Adequacy of Linear Models and Nuclear Reactor Dynamics 34

2.1 Linear Models, Stability, and Nyquist Theorems 34

2.2 Mathematical Descriptions of a Neutron Population 44

2.3 A Point Model of Reactor Kinetics 45

2.4 Temperature and Other Operational Feedback Effects 49

2.5 Reactor Control, its Stable Period and Re-equilibrium 51

3. Some Power Station and Grid Control Problems 56

3.1 Steam Drum Water-Level Control 56

3.2 Flow Stability in Parallel Boiling Channels 59

3.3 Grid Power Systems and Frequency Control 63

3.4 Grid Disconnection for a Nuclear Station with Functioning "Scram" 71

4. Some Aspects of Nuclear Accidents and Their Mitigation 79

4.1 Reactor Accident Classification by Probabilities 79

4.2 Hazards from an Atmospheric Release of Fission Products 82

4.3 Mathematical Risk, Event Trees, and Human Attitudes 84

4.4 The Farmer-Beattie Siting Criterion 87

4.5 Examples of Potential Severe Accidents in Fast Reactors and PWRs with their Consequences 93

5. Molten Fuel Coolant Interactions: Analyses and Experiments 101

5.1 A History and a Mixing Analysis 101

5.2 Coarse Mixtures and Contact Modes in Severe Nuclear Accidents 105

5.3 Some Physics of a Vapor Film and its Interface 110

5.4 Heat Transfer from Contiguous Melt 115

5.5 Mass Transfer at a Liquid-Vapor Interface and the Condensation Coefficient 121

5.6 Kinetics, Heat Diffusion, a Triggering Simulation, and Reactor Safety 124

5.7 Melt Fragmentation, Heat Transfer, Debris Sizes, and MFCI Yield 131

5.8 Features of the Bubex Code and an MFTF Simulation 140

6. Primary Containment Integrity and Impact Studies 148

6.1 Primary Containment Integrity 148

6.2 The Pi-Theorem, Scale Models, and Replicas 155

6.3 Experimental Impact Facilities 160

6.4 Computational Techniques and an Aircraft Impact 165

7. Natural Circulation, Passive Safety Systems, and Debris-Bed Cooling 173

7.1 Natural Convection in Nuclear Plants 173

7.2 Passive Safety Systems for Water Reactors 179

7.3 Core Debris-Bed Cooling in Water Reactors 181

7.4 An Epilogue 186

References 192

Index 207