Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats

By: National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Nutrition

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Hardcover | 1 July 2006

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Hardcover
424 Pages

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28.0 x 21.6 x 2.9

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The book provides details on carbohydrates, fiber, dietary fats and fatty acids, energy, protein and amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, while also reviewing the importance of adequate amounts of water. Specifically, it includes: - Updated estimates of requirements for all nutrients.- Factors affecting food intake.- Commentary on nutrient metabolism, toxicity, deficiency, and nutritionally related disease.- Impacts of physiologic status, temperature, breed, age, physical activity, and environment on nutrition.- Unique biological characteristics affecting nutrient digestion and utilization.- Considerations of feed ingredients, diet formulation, and feed processing and manufacturing.- Principles of feeding pet and laboratory animals. The committee also reviews advances in dog and cat nutrition since the last edition was published in the mid-1980's, discusses government regulation of the dog and cat food market, and deals with a variety of issues of interest.

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Overview	p. 1
Comparative Digestive Physiology of Dogs and Cats	p. 5
Introduction	p. 5
Digestive Compartments and Functions	p. 6
Mouth	p. 6
Esophagus	p. 7
Stomach	p. 7
Gastric Emptying	p. 8
Small Intestine, Pancreas, and Liver	p. 8
Large Intestine	p. 10
Hormonal Aspects of Digestion	p. 12
Measurement of, and Factors Affecting, Digestibility	p. 12
References	p. 17
Feeding Behavior of Dogs and Cats	p. 22
Food Ingestion by Feral Dogs and Cats	p. 22
Diurnal Rhythms, and Feeding and Drinking Patterns	p. 22
Role of Imprinting and Social Factors on Feeding Behavior	p. 23
Dietary Choice, Palatability, Learned Taste Aversions, and Preferences	p. 24
Control of Food Intake	p. 25
Feeding Recommendations	p. 25
References	p. 26
Energy	p. 28
Introduction	p. 28
Energy Evaluation and Requirements: Two Ways of Looking at the Issue	p. 28
Energy Evaluation	p. 28
Methods of Estimating Energy in Food	p. 28
Prediction of Energy Content	p. 29
Energy Requirements of Dogs	p. 33
Definitions	p. 33
Basis for Establishing Energy Requirements	p. 33
Basal Metabolic Rate	p. 34
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Resting Fed Metabolic Rate	p. 35
Adult Maintenance	p. 35
Gestation	p. 36
Lactation	p. 37
Growth	p. 38
Physical Activity	p. 39
Energy Requirements of Cats	p. 39
Basis for Establishing Energy Requirements	p. 39
Basal Metabolic Rate and Dietary Thermogenesis	p. 40
Adult Maintenance	p. 40
Gestation	p. 42
Lactation	p. 42
Growth	p. 45
Energy Deficiency and Excess in Dogs and Cats	p. 45
Body Condition	p. 45
References	p. 45
Carbohydrates and Fiber	p. 49
Definition, Classification, and Measurement	p. 49
Absorbable Carbohydrates	p. 49
Digestible Carbohydrates	p. 49
Fermentable Carbohydrates	p. 49
Nonfermentable Carbohydrates	p. 51
Absorbable Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides and Sugar Alcohols)	p. 51
Presence in Foodstuffs	p. 51
Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization	p. 51
Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization	p. 51
Nutritive Value	p. 52
Physicochemical Effects	p. 52
Physiological Effects	p. 52
Health-Related Characteristics	p. 54
Digestible Carbohydrates (Disaccharides, Certain Oligosaccharides, and Nonstructural Polysaccharides)	p. 54
Presence in Foodstuffs	p. 54
Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization	p. 54
Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization	p. 55
Nutritive Value	p. 57
Physicochemical Effects	p. 57
Physiological Effects	p. 58
Health-Related Characteristics	p. 59
Fermentable Carbohydrates (Lactose, Certain Oligosaccharides, Dietary Fibers, and Resistant Starch)	p. 60
Presence in Foodstuffs	p. 60
Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization	p. 60
Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization	p. 61
Nutritive Value	p. 62
Physicochemical Effects	p. 62
Physiological Effects	p. 63
Health-Related Characteristics	p. 67
Poorly Fermentable Carbohydrates (Cellulose and Wheat Bran)	p. 69
Presence in Foodstuffs	p. 69
Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization	p. 69
Factors Affecting Digestibility, Absorption, and Utilization	p. 70
Nutritive Value	p. 70
Physicochemical Effects	p. 70
Physiological Effects	p. 70
Health-Related Characteristics	p. 71
Carbohydrates in Dog and Cat Diet Formulations	p. 72
References	p. 74
Fat and Fatty Acids	p. 81
Importance of Dietary Fats and Fatty Acids	p. 81
Types and Sources of Dietary Fats and Fatty Acids	p. 81
Nomenclature	p. 81
Sources	p. 82
Trans Fatty Acids	p. 83
Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols	p. 83
Conjugated Linoleic Acid	p. 83
Other Sources	p. 84
Analytical Procedures	p. 84
Acid Hydrolysis	p. 84
Extraction and Saponification of Fatty Acids	p. 84
Extraction for Total Lipid Analysis	p. 84
Fat Energy and Nutrient Density	p. 85
Digestion and Absorption	p. 85
Preduodenal Lipase	p. 85
Pancreatic Lipase	p. 85
Other Lipases	p. 86
Summary of Triacylglycerol Hydrolysis	p. 86
Absorption	p. 86
Digestibility	p. 87
Biochemical Basis of Fatty Acid Essentiality	p. 88
Biosynthesis	p. 88
Desaturation and Elongation	p. 88
Fatty Acid Ratios	p. 88
Essential Fatty Acid Utilization for Structure and Function	p. 90
Comparative Studies	p. 90
Membrane Composition and Integrity	p. 90
Lipid-Protein Interactions	p. 90
Eicosanoid Production	p. 90
Growth and Development	p. 91
Canine Studies	p. 92
Signs of Deficiency or Excess	p. 92
Skin and Hair Coat	p. 93
Inflammatory and Immune Cell Structure and Function	p. 94
Feline Studies	p. 95
Signs of Deficiency or Excess	p. 95
Evidence for Limited [Delta]6 Desaturase Activities	p. 96
Dietary LCPUFA and Feline Life Stage	p. 96
Immune, Inflammatory, and Platelet Cell Functions	p. 97
Requirements, Recommendations, and Allowances	p. 97
Essential Fatty Acids for Dogs and Cats	p. 98
Dogs	p. 98
Fat Content of Diets: Preferences, Minima, and Maxima	p. 98
Growth	p. 99
Adult Maintenance	p. 100
Gestation and Lactation	p. 101
Cats	p. 102
Fat Content of Diets: Preferences, Minima, and Maxima	p. 102
Growth	p. 102
Adult Maintenance	p. 103
Gestation and Lactation	p. 104
References	p. 104
Protein and Amino Acids	p. 111
Basic Concepts	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Structure and Function	p. 111
Essentiality of Amino Acids	p. 112
Digestibility and Bioavailability of Protein and Amino Acids	p. 112
Assessing Protein and Amino Acid Status	p. 114
Requirements, Allowances, and Tolerances of Protein and Amino Acids	p. 114
Role of Metabolic Adaptation in Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition	p. 114
Nitrogen (Crude Protein) Minimum Requirements, Recommended Allowances, and Adequate Intakes	p. 116
Amino Acid Minimum Requirements, Recommended Allowances, Adequate Intakes, and Safe Upper Limits	p. 120
Dispensable Amino Acids	p. 134
Amino Acid Imbalances and Antagonisms	p. 137
References	p. 138
Minerals	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Minerals and Acid-Base Balance	p. 145
Macrominerals	p. 147
Calcium	p. 147
Phosphorus	p. 152
Magnesium	p. 156
Sodium	p. 159
Potassium	p. 162
Chloride	p. 166
Trace Minerals	p. 168
Iron	p. 168
Copper	p. 171
Zinc	p. 173
Manganese	p. 177
Selenium	p. 179
Iodine	p. 181
Other Minerals	p. 184
Arsenic	p. 184
Boron	p. 184
Chromium	p. 184
Molybdenum	p. 185
Silicon	p. 185
Nickel	p. 185
Vanadium	p. 186
Miscellaneous Minerals	p. 186
References	p. 186
Vitamins	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Vitamin A	p. 194
Absorption, Transport, and Storage	p. 195
Biological Function	p. 196
Dogs	p. 197
Cats	p. 199
Vitamin D	p. 200
Absorption, Transport, and Storage	p. 200
Biological Function	p. 201
Dogs	p. 201
Cats	p. 204
Vitamin E	p. 205
Absorption	p. 206
Biological Function	p. 206
Dogs	p. 208
Cats	p. 209
Vitamin K	p. 210
Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion	p. 210
Biological Function	p. 210
Dogs	p. 211
Cats	p. 212
Thiamin (Vitamin B[subscript 1])	p. 212
Absorption	p. 213
Biological Function	p. 213
Dogs	p. 213
Cats	p. 215
Riboflavin	p. 216
Absorption	p. 216
Biological Function	p. 216
Dogs	p. 216
Cats	p. 217
Vitamin B[subscript 6]	p. 218
Absorption, Transport, and Storage	p. 218
Biological Function	p. 218
Dogs	p. 219
Cats	p. 220
Niacin	p. 220
Absorption	p. 221
Biological Function	p. 221
Dogs	p. 222
Cats	p. 223
Pantothenic Acid	p. 223
Absorption, Transport, and Storage	p. 223
Biological Function	p. 224
Dogs	p. 224
Cats	p. 225
Cobalamin (Vitamin B[subscript 12])	p. 225
Absorption	p. 225
Biological Function	p. 226
Dogs	p. 226
Cats	p. 227
Folic Acid	p. 227
Absorption, Transport, and Storage	p. 228
Biological Function	p. 228
Dogs	p. 228
Cats	p. 229
Biotin	p. 230
Absorption	p. 230
Biological Function	p. 230
Dogs	p. 231
Cats	p. 231
Choline	p. 231
Absorption	p. 232
Biological Function	p. 232
Dogs	p. 232
Cats	p. 233
Ascorbic Acid	p. 234
Biological Function	p. 234
Dogs	p. 235
Cats	p. 235
Vitamin-Like Substances	p. 235
Vitamin Losses During Processing and Storage of Dog and Cat Foods	p. 236
References	p. 237
Water	p. 246
General Principles	p. 246
Function	p. 246
Regulation of Intake by Dogs and Cats	p. 246
Deficiency in Dogs and Cats	p. 247
Requirements of Dogs	p. 247
Requirements for Maintenance	p. 247
Requirements for Other Life Stages	p. 248
Requirements for Work and Environmental Stress	p. 248
Requirements of Cats	p. 249
Requirements for Maintenance and Other Life Stages	p. 249
Water and Feline Lower Urinary Tract Health	p. 249
Recommended Allowances	p. 249
Toxicity in Dogs and Cats	p. 250
References	p. 250
Special Considerations for Laboratory Animals	p. 252
Requirements	p. 252
Energy	p. 252
Nutrients Other Than Energy	p. 252
Food Selection	p. 252
General	p. 252
Certified Diets	p. 254
Purified and Chemically Defined Diets	p. 254
Foods for Specific Dietary Purposes (e.g., Medical Foods)	p. 254
Feeding Management	p. 255
Life-Stage Designation of Food	p. 255
Form of Food	p. 255
Amount Fed	p. 255
Frequency of Feeding	p. 256
Storage of Food	p. 256
References	p. 256
Physical Activity and Environment	p. 258
Introduction	p. 258
Calculations and Assumptions	p. 258
How Much Exercise Do Dogs and Cats Undertake?	p. 259
Dogs	p. 259
Cats	p. 260
Types of Exercise: Sprinting Versus Endurance	p. 260
Sprint Exercise Over a Distance of Less Than One Kilometer	p. 260
Endurance Exercise Over Distances Greater Than One Kilometer	p. 260
Traditional Diets Fed to Racing Dogs	p. 260
Sled Dogs	p. 260
Greyhounds	p. 262
Diet and Health During Exercise	p. 262
Effect of Exercise on Intestinal Function	p. 262
Exercise and Digestibility	p. 263
When to Feed Exercising Dogs	p. 263
Exercise and Body Condition	p. 265
Effect of Confinement and Training	p. 266
Energy Requirements	p. 267
Minimal Metabolism	p. 267
Anxiety	p. 267
Circadian Rhythms	p. 268
Cold-Induced Thermogenesis	p. 268
Nutrients in a Warm Environment	p. 272
Effect of Reduced Oxygen at High Altitude	p. 272
Effect of Exercise on Energy Requirements	p. 273
Effect of Exercise on Energy Required in the Absence of Exercise	p. 273
Energy Required for Exercise: Dynamic Exercise (Short Runs) Versus Steady-State Exercise (Long Runs)	p. 273
Maximal Oxygen Consumption	p. 279
Intensity of Exercise	p. 281
Field Metabolic Rate	p. 281
Nutrient Requirements	p. 284
How May Nutrient Requirements Change with Exercise or in the Cold?	p. 284
Sources of Energy: Fat Versus Carbohydrate	p. 285
Protein and Exercise	p. 287
Studies That Have Altered Both Fat and Protein in the Diet of Exercising Dogs	p. 291
Dietary Carbohydrate and Exercise	p. 292
Importance of Water and Water Requirements at High Ambient Temperatures	p. 292
Exercised-Induced Hyperthermia and the Importance of Water During Exercise	p. 293
Water Requirements at Rest and During Exercise	p. 294
Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride	p. 296
Fluids Containing Electrolytes	p. 298
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium	p. 298
Trace Minerals	p. 299
Vitamins	p. 300
Other Nutrients	p. 303
References	p. 304
Diet Formulation and Feed Processing	p. 313
Petfood Processing	p. 313
General Considerations	p. 313
Dogs	p. 313
Cats	p. 313
Petfood Categories	p. 313
Dry Petfoods	p. 313
Semi-moist Petfoods	p. 314
Soft-Expanded (Soft Dry) Petfoods	p. 315
Baked Petfoods	p. 315
Starch-Lipid Complexes	p. 315
Snacks for Pets	p. 315
Canned (Wet) Petfoods	p. 316
Homemade Diets	p. 317
Diet Formulation	p. 317
Summary	p. 317
References	p. 318
Nutrient Composition of Ingredients Used in Dog and Cat Foods	p. 319
References	p. 343
Other Food Constituents	p. 344
Constituents Intended for Nutritive Value	p. 344
Introduction	p. 344
Chondroprotective Agents	p. 344
Antioxidants	p. 345
Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) and Enzymes	p. 347
Herbs and Botanicals	p. 347
Other	p. 348
Constituents Intended for Technical or Nonnutritive Effects on Food	p. 348
Introduction	p. 348
Preservatives	p. 348
Flavors and Extracts	p. 350
Colors	p. 350
Other Additives	p. 351
References	p. 351
Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Nutrient Concentrations	p. 354
Use of Nutrient Requirement Tables	p. 355
Recommendations Relative to ME Compared with Requirements Relative to DM	p. 355
Requirements Relative to ME in the Food Compared with Requirements Relative to BW	p. 355
Note on Bioavailability	p. 356
References	p. 370
Appendixes
About the Authors	p. 371
Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. 374
Index	p. 377
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats

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