Preface xi | |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Chemical Composition of the Ocean | p. 1 |
Distribution of Chemicals in the Ocean | p. 7 |
Chapter Conclusion and Outline of Book 15 | |
Problems | p. 16 |
Tracer Conservation and Ocean Transport | p. 19 |
Tracer Conservation Equation | p. 19 |
Advection and Diffusion Components | p. 19 |
Application to Box Models | p. 22 |
Wind-Driven Circulation | p. 23 |
Equations of Motion | p. 27 |
Ekman Transport | p. 28 |
Gyre Circulation | p. 30 |
Wind-Driven Circulation in the Stratified Ocean | p. 33 |
Basic Concepts | p. 34 |
Ocean Stratification | p. 34 |
Geostrophic Equations | p. 37 |
Gyre Circulation with Stratification | p. 37 |
Insights from the Potential Vorticity Distribution | p. 38 |
Insights from Tracers | p. 39 |
Insights from the Thermal Wind Relationship | p. 42 |
Deep Ocean Circulation | p. 46 |
Observations | p. 46 |
Models | p. 52 |
Summary of Deep Ocean Circulation | p. 57 |
Time-Varying Flows | p. 59 |
Mesoscale Variability | p. 60 |
Interannual to Decadal Variability | p. 61 |
Tropical Variability | p. 61 |
Extratropical Variability | p. 66 |
Problems | p. 69 |
Air-Sea Interface | p. 73 |
Introduction | p. 73 |
Gas Solubilities | p. 75 |
Gas Exchange | p. 80 |
Stagnant Film Model | p. 81 |
Laboratory Studies | p. 83 |
Field Studies | p. 86 |
Gas Transfer Velocity Models | p. 89 |
Applications | p. 95 |
Problems | p. 100 |
Organic Matter Production | p. 102 |
Introduction | p. 102 |
Nutrient Supply | p. 105 |
Light | p. 111 |
Efficiency of the Biological Pump | p. 111 |
Outline | p. 114 |
Ecosystem Processes | p. 115 |
Nutrients | p. 115 |
Composition of Organic Matter | p. 115 |
Limiting Nutrient | p. 117 |
Paradigm of Surface Ocean Nitrogen Cycling | p. 117 |
Phytoplankton | p. 123 |
Classification of Organisms | p. 123 |
Phytoplankton Distribution and Productivity | p. 128 |
Modeling Photosynthesis | p. 131 |
Zooplankton | p. 135 |
Bacteria | p. 137 |
Analysis of Ecosystem Behavior | p. 138 |
Role of Light Supply | p. 139 |
Classical Ecosystem Models | p. 142 |
N-P Model--Bottom-up Limitation | p. 142 |
N-P-Z Model--Top-Down Limitation | p. 144 |
Adding the Microbial Loop | p. 146 |
Multiple Size Class Ecosystem Models | p. 147 |
The Model | p. 147 |
Influence of Micronutrients | p. 149 |
Applications | p. 150 |
North Pacific versus North Atlantic | p. 152 |
Oligotrophic Region | p. 155 |
A Synthesis | p. 157 |
The Regeneration Loop | p. 158 |
The Export Pathway | p. 158 |
The Role of Iron | p. 160 |
Conclusions | p. 162 |
Problems | p. 168 |
Organic Matter Export and Remineralization | p. 173 |
Introduction | p. 173 |
Nutrient and Oxygen Distributions | p. 173 |
Remineralizaton Reactions | p. 178 |
Preformed and Remineralized Components | p. 179 |
Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter | p. 180 |
Outline | p. 181 |
Oxygen | p. 181 |
Separation of Preformed and Remineralized Components | p. 181 |
Deep Ocean Oxygen Utilization Rates | p. 182 |
Thermocline Oxygen Utilization Rates | p. 183 |
Nitrogen and Phosphorus | p. 186 |
Stoichiometric Ratios | p. 186 |
Phosphate | p. 188 |
The Nitrogen Cycle | p. 189 |
N* as a Tracer of Denitrification | p. 189 |
N* as a Tracer of N2 Fixation | p. 195 |
The Oceanic Nitrogen Budget | p. 196 |
Nitrous Oxide | p. 197 |
Organic Matter Cycling | p. 200 |
Particulate Organic Matter | p. 200 |
Overview | p. 200 |
Particle Flux | p. 203 |
The Role of Ballast | p. 206 |
Particle Remineralization | p. 207 |
Models of Particle Interactions | p. 209 |
Dissolved Organic Matter | p. 211 |
Models | p. 215 |
Model Development | p. 215 |
Sensitivity Studies | p. 217 |
Applications: Control of Oceanic Oxygen | p. 221 |
Problems | p. 222 |
Remineralization and Burial in the Sediments | p. 227 |
Introduction | p. 227 |
Observations | p. 227 |
Sediment Properties and Processes | p. 229 |
Remineralization Reactions | p. 233 |
Sediment Diagenesis Models | p. 236 |
Pore Waters | p. 237 |
Solids | p. 241 |
Remineralization | p. 245 |
Oxic Sediments | p. 246 |
Anoxic Sediments | p. 250 |
Dissolved Organic Carbon | p. 253 |
Burial | p. 255 |
The Substrate | p. 255 |
The Oxidant | p. 256 |
Protection by Mineral Adsorption | p. 257 |
Synthesis | p. 258 |
Organic Matter Budget | p. 260 |
Problems | p. 267 |
Silicate Cycle | p. 270 |
Int | |
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