OPC Unified Architecture

By: Wolfgang Mahnke, Stefan-Helmut Leitner, Matthias Damm

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Hardcover | 19 March 2009

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364 Pages

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Motivation for This Book The OPC Foundation provides specifications for data exchange in industrial au- mation. There is a long history of COM/DCOM-based specifications, most pro- nent OPC Data Access (DA), OPC Alarms and Events (A&E), and OPC Historical Data Access (HDA), which are widely accepted in the industry and implemented by almost every system targeting industrial automation. Now the OPC Foundation has released a new generation of OPC specifications called OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA). With OPC UA, the OPC Foundation fulfills a technology shift from the retiring COM/DCOM technology to a servi- oriented architecture providing data in a platform-independent manner via Web Services or its own optimized TCP-based protocol. OPC UA unifies the previous specifications into one single address space capable of dealing with current data, alarms and events and the history of current data as well as the event history. A remarkable enhancement of OPC UA is the Address Space Model by which v- dors can expose a rich and extensible information model using object-oriented techniques. OPC UA scales well from intelligent devices, controllers, DCS, and SCADA systems up to MES and ERP systems. It also scales well in its ability to provide information; on the lower end, a model similar to Classic OPC can be used, providing only base information, while at the upper end, highly sophisticated models can be described, providing a large amount of metadata including complex type hierarchies.

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Paperback

Published: 14th October 2010

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Foreword	p. v
Foreword	p. vii
Preface	p. ix
About the Authors	p. xiii
Acknowledgements	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
OPC Foundation	p. 1
Classic OPC	p. 3
OPC Data Access	p. 4
OPC Alarm and Events	p. 5
OPC Historical Data Access	p. 6
Other OPC Interface Standards	p. 6
OPC XML-DA	p. 7
Motivation for OPC UA	p. 8
OPC UA Overview	p. 10
OPC UA Specifications	p. 11
OPC UA Software Layers	p. 13
Evolution Not Revolution	p. 15
Summary	p. 16
Key Messages	p. 16
Where to Find More Information?	p. 17
What's Next?	p. 17
Information Modeling: Concepts	p. 19
Why Information Modeling?	p. 19
Nodes and References	p. 22
Reference Types	p. 25
Objects, Variables and Methods	p. 30
Types for Objects and Variables	p. 36
Simple Object Types	p. 37
Simple Variable Types	p. 39
Complex Object Types	p. 42
Instance Declarations	p. 45
Complex Variable Types	p. 48
Modelling Rules	p. 48
Subtyping of Complex Types	p. 54
Data Variables and Properties	p. 58
Model Parent for Objects, Variables and Methods	p. 60
Data Types	p. 61
Data Type Node Class	p. 62
Built-in and Simple Data Types	p. 63
Enumeration Data Types	p. 63
Structured Data Types	p. 64
Specific Built-in Data Types	p. 68
Summary on Data Types	p. 71
Views	p. 71
Events	p. 74
Historical Access	p. 77
Historical Data	p. 77
Historical Events	p. 78
Historical Address Space	p. 79
Address Space Model and Information Models	p. 81
Summary	p. 83
Key Messages	p. 83
Where to Find More Information?	p. 84
What's Next?	p. 84
Information Modeling: Example and Best Practice	p. 85
Overview	p. 85
Example	p. 85
Application Scenario	p. 85
Simple Scenario - Similar to Classic OPC	p. 87
Advanced Scenario - Providing Full Power of OPC UA	p. 88
Best Practices	p. 94
Structuring with Objects, Reference Types and Views	p. 95
Type Definitions (Object Types and Variable Types)	p. 96
Providing Complex Data Structures	p. 100
Providing User-Defined Data Types	p. 102
Properties	p. 102
Methods	p. 103
Modelling Rules	p. 103
Proxy Objects (Properties on References)	p. 104
Summary	p. 105
Key Messages	p. 105
Where to Find More Information?	p. 105
What's Next?	p. 106
Standard Information Models	p. 107
Overview	p. 107
Handling Information Models	p. 107
What is Specified by an Information Model?	p. 107
How is an Information Model Specified?	p. 111
How are Multiple Information Models Supported?	p. 111
Base OPC UA Information Model	p. 112
Capabilities and Diagnostics	p. 115
Data Access	p. 115
Historical Access and Aggregates	p. 116
State Machine	p. 117
Programs	p. 118
Alarms and Conditions	p. 119
Domain-Specific Information Models	p. 120
Overview	p. 120
Devices Information Model	p. 121
Summary	p. 122
Key Messages	p. 122
Where to Find More Information?	p. 123
What's Next?	p. 123
Services	p. 125
Overview	p. 125
General Service Concepts	p. 126
Timeout Handling	p. 127
Request and Response Headers	p. 127
Error Handling	p. 128
Extensible Parameters	p. 129
Communication Context	p. 129
Convention for Describing Services in this Chapter	p. 131
Finding Servers	p. 131
Service Find Servers	p. 132
Service Get Endpoints	p. 133
Service Register Server	p. 134
Connection Management Between Clients and Servers	p. 134
Secure Channel Establishment	p. 135
Creating an Application Session	p. 136
Closing an Application Session	p. 138
Cancel Outstanding Service Requests	p. 138
Find Information in the Address Space	p. 139
Services Used for Discovering the Address Space	p. 139
Use Cases for Finding Information in the Address Space	p. 145
Read and Write Data and Metadata	p. 155
Reading Data	p. 155
Writing Data	p. 157
Subscribe for Data Changes and Events	p. 158
Delivery of Changed Data and Events	p. 159
Create and Manage Subscriptions	p. 164
Create and Manage Monitored Items	p. 167
Monitor Data Changes	p. 171
Monitor Events	p. 173
Monitor Aggregated Data	p. 175
Calling Methods Defined by the Server	p. 176
Access History of Data and Events	p. 177
History Read Service	p. 177
History Update Service	p. 183
Find Information in Complex Address Space	p. 186
Modify the Address Space	p. 187
Adding Nodes	p. 188
Creating References Between Nodes	p. 188
Removing Nodes	p. 189
Delete References Between Nodes	p. 189
Summary	p. 189
Key Messages	p. 189
Where to Find More Information?	p. 190
What's Next?	p. 190
Technology Mapping	p. 191
Overview	p. 191
Data Encodings	p. 192
OPC UA Binary	p. 192
XML	p. 193
Security Protocols	p. 194
WS-Secure Conversation	p. 194
UA-Secure Conversation	p. 196
Transport Protocols	p. 198
UA TCP	p. 198
SOAP/HTTP	p. 199
Available Mapping Implementations	p. 200
Summary	p. 201
Key Messages	p. 201
Where to Find More Information?	p. 202
What's Next?	p. 202
Security	p. 203
Why is Security so Important?	p. 203
Organizational Perspective of Security	p. 204
Technical Perspective of Security	p. 205
Determining The Appropriate Level of Security	p. 206
Security Assessments	p. 206
The OPC UA Security Assessment	p. 209
The OPC UA Security Model	p. 209
Security Architecture	p. 209
Securing the Communication Channel	p. 212
Authentication and Authorization	p. 218
Security Policies and Profiles	p. 222
Certificates	p. 222
What is a Certificate?	p. 222
OPC UA Certificates	p. 224
Public Key Infrastructure for OPC UA	p. 227
What is a PKI?	p. 227
Trust Models	p. 228
Certificate Lifecycle Management	p. 231
Available PKI Frameworks	p. 238
PKI for Industrial Applications	p. 242
Summary	p. 252
Key Messages	p. 252
Where to Find More Information?	p. 252
What's Next?	p. 253
Application Architecture	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Architectural Overview	p. 255
Stack	p. 256
Interface	p. 256
Encoding Layer	p. 257
Security Layer	p. 257
Transport Layer	p. 257
Platform Layer	p. 258
Software Development Toolkit	p. 258
UA-Specific Functionality	p. 258
Common Functionality	p. 259
Interfaces	p. 260
Application	p. 260
Client	p. 260
Server	p. 261
Deliverables Provided by the OPC Foundation	p. 261
Stacks	p. 262
SDKs	p. 262
Applications	p. 263
Summary	p. 263
Key Messages	p. 263
Where to Find More Information?	p. 263
What's Next?	p. 264
System Architecture	p. 265
System Environment	p. 265
Basic Architecture Patterns	p. 265
Client-Server	p. 265
Chained Server	p. 266
Server-to-Server Communication	p. 267
Aggregating Server	p. 268
Redundancy	p. 269
Client Redundancy	p. 269
Server Redundancy	p. 270
Discovery	p. 273
Why discovery?	p. 273
Discovery Entities	p. 274
Discovery Process	p. 275
Auditing	p. 277
Overview	p. 277
Audit Logs	p. 278
Audit Events	p. 278
Service Auditing	p. 279
Use Cases	p. 279
Summary	p. 281
Key Messages	p. 281
Where to Find More Information?	p. 281
What's Next?	p. 282
Mapping of COM OPC to OPC UA	p. 283
Overview	p. 283
OPC Data Access 2.05A and 3.0	p. 283
Address Space	p. 284
Access Information	p. 285
OPC XML-DA 1.01	p. 286
OPC Alarm and Events 1.1	p. 286
Address Space	p. 287
Access Information	p. 288
OPC Historical Data Access	p. 289
Address Space	p. 290
Access Information	p. 290
Summary	p. 292
Key Messages	p. 292
Where to Find More Information?	p. 292
What's Next?	p. 292
Migration	p. 293
Overview	p. 293
Wrappers - Access COM Server from UA Client	p. 293
Proxies - Access UA Server from COM Client	p. 295
Native Development	p. 296
Summary	p. 296
Key Messages	p. 296
Where to Find More Information?	p. 297
What's Next?	p. 297
Profiles	p. 299
Motivation	p. 299
Profiles, Conformance Units and Test Cases	p. 299
Profiles for Server Applications	p. 300
Profiles for Client Applications	p. 301
Transport Profiles	p. 301
Security Profiles	p. 302
Certification Process	p. 302
Summary	p. 303
Key Messages	p. 303
Where to Find More Information?	p. 303
What's Next?	p. 303
Performance	p. 305
Overview	p. 305
Performance Numbers	p. 306
Summary	p. 309
Key Messages	p. 309
Where to Find More Information?	p. 309
What's Next?	p. 309
Conclusion and Outlook	p. 311
OPC UA in a Nutshell	p. 311
Is OPC UA Complicated?	p. 311
Are OPC UA Services Difficult to Handle?	p. 312
Is Information Modeling a Pain?	p. 314
Transport Protocols and Encodings: Why So Many?	p. 317
Implementation Issues	p. 319
Migration of Existing Code	p. 319
Management Summary	p. 321
Outlook	p. 321
Literature	p. 323
Graphical Notation	p. 327
Motivation and Relation to UML	p. 327
Notation	p. 328
Example	p. 330
Node Classes and Attributes	p. 333
Base Information Model Reference	p. 335
Index	p. 337
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OPC Unified Architecture

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