Preface xv
About the Editors xvii
List of Contributors xix
Part I Basics of Corrosion and Prevention 1
1 An Overview of Corrosion 3
Marziya Rizvi
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Basics about Corrosion 3
1.2 Economic and Social Aspect of Corrosion 4
1.3 The Corrosion Mechanism 5
1.3.1 Anodic Reaction 6
1.3.2 Cathodic Reactions 7
1.4 Classification of Corrosion 8
1.4.1 Uniform Corrosion 8
1.4.2 Pitting Corrosion 9
1.4.3 Crevice Corrosion 9
1.4.4 Galvanic Corrosion 9
1.4.5 Intergranular Corrosion 10
1.4.6 Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 10
1.4.7 Filiform Corrosion 10
1.4.8 Erosion Corrosion 10
1.4.9 Fretting Corrosion 11
1.4.10 Exfoliation 11
1.4.11 Dealloying 11
1.4.12 Corrosion Fatigue 11
1.5 Common Methods of Corrosion Control 11
1.5.1 Materials Selection and Design 12
1.5.2 Coatings 12
1.5.3 Cathodic Protection (CP) 12
1.5.4 Anodic Protection 13
1.5.5 Corrosion Inhibitors 13
1.6 Adsorption Type Corrosion Inhibitors 13
1.6.1 Anodic Inhibitors 14
1.6.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 14
1.6.3 Mixed Inhibitors 14
1.6.4 Green Corrosion Inhibitors 15
References 15
2 Methods of Corrosion Monitoring 19
Sheerin Masroor
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Methods and Discussion 21
2.2.1 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques 21
2.3 Conclusion 33
References 33
3 Computational Methods of Corrosion Monitoring 39
Hassane Lgaz, Abdelkarim Chaouiki, Mustafa R. Al-Hadeethi, Rachid Salghi, and Han-Seung Lee
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Quantum Chemical (QC) Calculations-Based DFT Method 40
3.2.1 Theoretical Framework 40
3.2.2 Theoretical Application of DFT in Corrosion Inhibition Studies: Design and Chemical Reactivity Prediction of Inhibitors 42
3.2.2.1 HOMO and LUMO Electron Densities 43
3.2.2.2 HOMO and LUMO Energies 43
3.2.2.3 Electronegativity (?), Chemical Potential (μ), Hardness (η), and Softness (σ) Indices 43
3.2.2.4 Electron-Donating Power (ω−) and Electron-Accepting Power (ω+) 44
3.2.2.5 The Fraction of Electrons Transferred (ΔN) 44
3.2.2.6 Fukui Indices (FIs) 45
3.3 Atomistic Simulations 45
3.3.1 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations 46
3.3.1.1 Total Energy Minimization 46
3.3.1.2 Ensemble 47
3.3.1.3 Force Fields 47
3.3.1.4 Periodic Boundary Condition 47
3.3.2 Monte Carlo (MC) Simulations 48
3.3.3 Parameters Derived from MD and MC Simulations of Corrosion Inhibition 48
3.3.3.1 Interaction and Binding Energies 49
3.3.3.2 Radial Distribution Function 50
3.3.3.3 Mean Square Displacement, Diffusion Coefficient, and Fractional Free Volume 50
Acknowledgments 51
Suggested Reading 51
References 51
4 Organ?c and Inorgan?c Corros?on Inh?b?tors: A Compar?son 59
Goncagul Serdarog?lu and Savas? Kaya
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 61
4.2.1 Organic Corrosion Inhibitors 61
4.2.1.1 Azoles 62
4.2.1.2 Azepines 63
4.2.1.3 Pyridine and Azines 64
4.2.1.4 Indoles 65
4.2.1.5 Quinolines 66
4.2.1.6 Carboxylic Acid and Biopolymers 67
4.2.1.7 Inorganic Corrosion Inhibitors 68
4.2.1.8 Anodic Inhibitors 69
4.2.1.9 Cathodic Inhibitors 69
References 69
Part II Heterocyclic and Non-Heterocyclic Corrosion Inhibitors 75
5 Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors: A Review 77
Chandrabhan Verma, M. A. Quraishi, Eno E. Ebenso,and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
5.1 Introduction 77
5.1.1 Corrosion: Basics and Its Inhibition 77
5.1.2 Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors 78
5.1.2.1 1o-, 2o-, and 3o-Aliphatic Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors 79
5.1.2.2 Amides and Thio-Amides as Corrosion Inhibitors 81
5.1.2.3 Schiff Bases as Corrosion Inhibitors 82
5.1.2.4 Amine-Based Drugs and Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors 85
5.1.2.5 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 88
5.2 Conclusion and Outlook 88
Important Websites 89
References 89
6 Imidazole and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 95
Jeenat Aslam, Ruby Aslam, and Chandrabhan Verma
6.1 Introduction 95
6.1.1 Corrosion and Its Economic Impact 95
6.2 Corrosion Mechanism 96
6.3 Corrosion Inhibitors 97
6.4 Corrosion Inhibitors: Imidazole and Its Derivatives 98
6.5 Computational Studies 110
6.6 Conclusions 113
References 113
7 Pyridine and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 123
Chandrabhan Verma, M. A. Quraishi, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
7.1 Introduction 123
7.1.1 Pyridine and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 124
7.1.2 Literature Survey 125
7.1.2.1 Substituted Pyridine as Corrosion Inhibitors 125
7.1.3 Pyridine-Based Schiff Bases (SBs) as Corrosion Inhibitors 129
7.1.4 Quinoline-Based Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors 130
7.2 Summary and Outlook 130
References 140
8 Quinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 149
Chandrabhan Verma and M. A. Quraishi
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Quinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 151
8.2.1 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 152
8.2.2 Quinoline Derivatives Other Than 8-hydroxyquinoline as Corrosion Inhibitors 156
8.3 Conclusion and Outlook 160
References 161
9 Indole and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 167
Taiwo W. Quadri, Lukman O. Olasunkanmi, Ekemini D. Akpan, and Eno E. Ebenso
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Synthesis of Indoles and Its Derivatives 168
9.3 A Brief Overview of Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibitors 171
9.4 Application of Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors 172
9.4.1 Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of Ferrous Metals 173
9.4.2 Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of Nonferrous Metals 192
9.5 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Indoles 201
9.6 Theoretical Modeling of Indole-Based Chemical Inhibitors 202
9.7 Conclusions and Outlook 205
References 207
10 Environmentally Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Industry 221
M. A. Quraishi and Dheeraj Singh Chauhan
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Corrosion in the Oil–Gas Industry 222
10.2.1 An Overview of Corrosion 222
10.2.2 Corrosion of Steel Structures During Acidizing Treatment 223
10.2.3 Limitations of the Existing Oil and Gas Corrosion Inhibitors 223
10.3 Review of Literature on Environmentally Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors 223
10.3.1 Plant Extracts 223
10.3.2 Environmentally Benign Heterocycles 224
10.3.3 Pharmaceutical Products 226
10.3.4 Amino Acids and Derivatives 228
10.3.5 Macrocyclic Compounds 229
10.3.6 Chemically Modified Biopolymers 229
10.3.7 Chemically Modified Nanomaterials 231
10.4 Conclusions and Outlook 233
References 235
Part III Organic Green Corrosion Inhibitors 241
11 Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 243
Jiyaul Haque and M. A. Quraishi
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 Glucose- Based Inhibitors 244
11.3 Chitosan- Based Inhibitors 246
11.4 Inhibition Mechanism of Carbohydrate Inhibitor 251
11.5 Conclusions 252
References 252
12 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 255
Saman Zehra and Mohammad Mobin
12.1 Introduction 255
12.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 257
12.3 Why There Is Quest to Explore Green Corrosion Inhibitors? 258
12.4 Amino Acids and Their Derived Compounds: A Better Alternate to the Conventional Toxic Corrosion Inhibitors 261
12.4.1 Amino Acids: A General Introduction 261
12.4.2 A General Mechanistic Aspect of the Applicability of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 263
12.4.3 Factors Influencing the Inhibition Ability of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives 264
12.5 Overview of the Applicability of Amino Acid and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 264
12.5.1 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor for the Protection of Copper in Different Corrosive Solution 265
12.5.2 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor for the Protection of Aluminium and Its Alloys in Different Corrosive Solution 266
12.5.3 For the Protection of Iron and Its Alloys in Different Corrosive Solution 272
12.6 Recent Trends and the Future Considerations 277
12.6.1 Synergistic Combination of Amino Acids with Other Compounds 277
12.6.2 Self-Assembly Monolayers (SAMs) 278
12.6.3 Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids 278
12.6.4 Amino Acids as Inhibitors in Smart Functional Coatings 279
12.7 Conclusion 280
Acknowledgments 281
References 281
13 Chemical Medicines as Corrosion Inhibitors 287
Mustafa R. Al-Hadeethi, Hassane Lgaz, Abdelkarim Chaouiki, Rachid Salghi, and Han-Seung Lee
13.1 Introduction 287
13.2 Greener Application and Techniques Toward Synthesis and Development of Corrosion Inhibitors 288
13.2.1 Ultrasound Irradiation-Assisted Synthesis 288
13.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 289
13.2.3 Multicomponent Reactions 289
13.3 Types of Chemical Medicine-Based Corrosion Inhibitors 291
13.3.1 Drugs 291
13.3.2 Expired Drugs 291
13.3.3 Functionalized Drugs 292
13.4 Application of Chemical Medicines in Corrosion Inhibition 292
13.4.1 Drugs 292
13.4.2 Expired Drugs 297
13.4.3 Functionalized Drugs 305
Acknowledgments 306
References 306
14 Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors 315
Ruby Aslam, Mohammad Mobin, and Jeenat Aslam
14.1 Introduction 315
14.2 Inhibition of Metal Corrosion 316
14.3 Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors 317
14.3.1 In Hydrochloric Acid Solution 318
14.3.2 In Sulfuric Acid Solution 322
14.3.3 In NaCl Solution 334
14.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 335
Acknowledgment 336
Abbreviations 336
References 337
15 Oleochemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors 343
F. A. Ansari, Sudheer, Dheeraj Singh Chauhan, and M. A. Quraishi
15.1 Introduction 343
15.2 Corrosion 344
15.2.1 Definition and Economic Impact 344
15.2.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 344
15.3 Significance of Green Corrosion Inhibitors 345
15.4 Overview of Oleochemicals 345
15.4.1 Environmental Sustainability of Oleochemicals 345
15.4.2 Production/Recovery of Oleochemicals 346
15.5 Literatures on the Utilization of Oleochemicals as Corrosion Protection 349
15.6 Conclusions and Outlook 365
References 366
Part IV Organic Compounds-Based Nanomaterials as Corrosion Inhibitors 371
16 Carbon Nanotubes as Corrosion Inhibitors 373
Yeestdev Dewangan, Amit Kumar Dewangan, Shobha, and Dakeshwar Kumar Verma
16.1 Introduction 373
16.2 Characteristics, Preparation, and Applications of CNTs 374
16.3 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors 376
16.3.1 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Ferrous Metal and Alloys 376
16.3.2 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Nonferrous Metal and Alloys 377
16.4 Conclusion 381
Conflict of Interest 381
Acknowledgment 381
Abbreviations 381
References 382
17 Graphene and Graphene Oxides Layers Application as Corrosion Inhibitors in Protective Coatings 387
Renhui Zhang, Lei Guo, Zhongyi He, and Xue Yang
17.1 Introduction 387
17.2 Preparation of Graphene and Graphene Oxides 388
17.2.1 Graphene 388
17.2.2 N-doped Graphene and Its Composites 390
17.2.3 Graphene Oxides 390
17.3 Protective Film and Coating Applications of Graphene 390
17.4 The Organic Molecules Modified Graphene as Corrosion Inhibitor 398
17.5 The Effect of Dispersion of Graphene in Epoxy Coatings on Corrosion Resistance 399
17.6 Challenges of Graphene 404
17.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 404
References 406
Part V Organic Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 411
18 Natural Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 413
Marziya Rizvi
18.1 An Overview of Natural Polymers 413
18.2 Mucilage and Gums from Plants 415
18.2.1 Guar Gum 415
18.2.2 Acacia Gum 415
18.2.3 Xanthan Gum 417
18.2.4 Ficus Gum/Fig Gum 417
18.2.5 Daniella oliveri Gum 419
18.2.6 Mucilage from Okra Pods 419
18.2.7 Corn Polysaccharide 419
18.2.8 Mimosa/Mangrove Tannins 420
18.2.9 Raphia Gum 420
18.2.10 Various Butter-Fruit Tree Gums 420
18.2.11 Astragalus/Tragacanth Gum 421
18.2.12 Plantago Gum 421
18.2.13 Cellulose and Its Modifications 421
18.2.13.1 Carboxymethyl Cellulose 422
18.2.13.2 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose 422
18.2.13.3 Hydroxyethyl Cellulose 422
18.2.13.4 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose 423
18.2.13.5 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose 423
18.2.13.6 Ethyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose or EHEC 423
18.2.14 Starch and Its Derivatives 423
18.2.15 Pectin 424
18.2.16 Chitosan 425
18.2.17 Carrageenan 426
18.2.18 Dextrins 427
18.2.19 Alginates 427
18.3 The Future and Application of Natural Polymers in Corrosion Inhibition Studies 429
References 431
19 Synthetic Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 435
Megha Basik and Mohammad Mobin
19.1 Introduction 435
19.2 General Mechanism of Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 437
19.3 Corrosion Inhibitors – Synthetic Polymers 437
19.4 Conclusion 445
Useful Links 447
References 447
20 Epoxy Resins and Their Nanocomposites as Anticorrosive Materials 451
Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Eno E. Ebenso, Chandrabhan Verma,A. El Harfi, and M. El Gouri
20.1 Introduction 451
20.2 Characteristic Properties of Epoxy Resins 452
20.3 Main Commercial Epoxy Resins and Their Syntheses 453
20.3.1 Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (DGEBA) 453
20.3.2 Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins 454
20.3.3 Trifunctional Epoxy Resins 455
20.3.4 Phenol-Novolac Epoxy Resins 456
20.3.5 Epoxy Resins Containing Fluorine 456
20.3.6 Epoxy Resins Containing Phosphorus 457
20.3.7 Epoxy Resins Containing Silicon 458
20.4 Reaction Mechanism of Epoxy/Amine Systems 459
20.5 Applications of Epoxy Resins 461
20.5.1 Epoxy Resins as Aqueous Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 461
20.5.2 Epoxy Resins as Coating Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 466
20.5.3 Composites of Epoxy Resins as Corrosion Inhibitors 467
20.5.4 Nanocomposites of Epoxy Resins as Corrosion Inhibitors 468
20.6 Conclusion 471
Abbreviations 471
References 472
Index483
