List of Acronyms and Symbols | p. XVII |
Introduction | |
Fundamentals of Organic Film Growth and Characterisation | p. 3 |
General | p. 3 |
Nucleation Process and Growth Modes | p. 4 |
The Surface Science Approach | p. 7 |
In Situ UHV MBE | p. 8 |
Valence Band Photoemission (ARUPS) | p. 9 |
Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (NEXAFS) | p. 12 |
Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy | p. 14 |
Crystallography Characterisation | p. 15 |
Fundamentals of Atomic Force Microscopy | p. 16 |
References | p. 18 |
Optical Characterization Methods for Ultrathin Nanoaggregates | p. 21 |
Dark Field and Fluorescence Microscopy | p. 21 |
Two-Photon Microscopy | p. 22 |
Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy | p. 24 |
Two-Photon Near-Field Microscopy | p. 25 |
References | p. 28 |
Growth | |
Growth of Oriented Organic Nanoaggregates via Molecular Beam Deposition | p. 31 |
Introduction | p. 31 |
Adsorbates | p. 32 |
Silicate Substrates | p. 34 |
Phenylenes on Muscovite | p. 36 |
Para-Hexaphenylene | p. 36 |
Steps and Defects | p. 43 |
Kinetics | p. 45 |
Growth Model | p. 51 |
Thiophenes on Muscovite | p. 53 |
Microrings | p. 56 |
Au-Mica Heterostructures | p. 58 |
Conclusions | p. 60 |
References | p. 62 |
Tailored Organic Nanoaggregates Generated by Self-Assembly of Designed Functionalised p-Quaterphenylenes on Muscovite Mica Substrates | p. 67 |
Introduction | p. 67 |
Design | p. 68 |
Synthesis of Oligomers | p. 70 |
Vapour Deposition Studies | p. 72 |
Nanoaggregates from Symmetrically Functionalised Oligomers | p. 73 |
Nanoaggregates from Non-Symmetrically Functionalised Oligomers | p. 78 |
Non-Linear Optical Properties | p. 80 |
Quantum Chemical Calculations and Optical Properties | p. 82 |
Conclusion | p. 83 |
References | p. 84 |
Hot-Wall Epitaxial Growth of Films of Conjugated Molecules | p. 89 |
Introduction: Why Highly Ordered Organic Thin Films? | p. 89 |
Experimental Setup | p. 90 |
Hot-Wall Epitaxy | p. 90 |
Source Materials and Substrates | p. 93 |
Characterization Methods | p. 94 |
Pristine and Ba-Doped Ceo Layers | p. 95 |
C60 Films on Mica Substrates | p. 95 |
Doping of C60 with Ba | p. 98 |
Highly Ordered Films of Para-Sexiphenyl | p. 100 |
Needles and Islands of p-6P on KCl Substrates | p. 102 |
Islands and Nanofibers of p-6P on Mica Substrates | p. 106 |
Conclusion | p. 114 |
References | p. 116 |
Crystallography of Ultrathin Organic Films and Nanoaggregates | p. 119 |
Overview | p. 120 |
Crystal Structure of Rodlike Conjugated Molecules | p. 122 |
Oligoacenes | p. 124 |
Oligophenylenes | p. 124 |
Oligothiophenes | p. 125 |
Experimental Methods | p. 126 |
Fundamentals | p. 126 |
Specular Scans | p. 127 |
Rocking Curves | p. 128 |
Pole Figure Technique | p. 130 |
Surface Diffraction | p. 131 |
Line Profile Analysis | p. 132 |
Transmission Electron Microscopy | p. 134 |
Crystallographic Order within Nanoaggregates | p. 137 |
Out-of-Plane Order | p. 138 |
In-Plane Order (Organic Epitaxy) | p. 140 |
Relation Between Crystal Structure and Film Morphology | p. 145 |
Crystallite Size | p. 148 |
Polymorphism | p. 152 |
Early Stage Growth | p. 153 |
Conclusion | p. 158 |
References | p. 159 |
Growth and Electronic Structure of Homo- and Hetero-epitaxial Organic Nanostructures | p. 165 |
Introduction | p. 165 |
Organic Films on Inorganic Substrates | p. 166 |
The Substrate as a Template | p. 167 |
Structure and Morphology Determinants: Sticking vs. Diffusion Anisotropy | p. 171 |
The Electronic Structure | p. 178 |
The Electronic Band Alignment on Nanostructured Interfaces | p. 182 |
Organic-Organic Heteroepitaxy | p. 185 |
Growth on Closed -CH-terminated Organic Surfaces | p. 186 |
Growth on Open -terminated Organic Surfaces | p. 187 |
Outlook | p. 191 |
References | p. 191 |
Mechanisms Governing the Growth of Organic Oligophenylene "Needles" on Au Substrates | p. 195 |
Introduction | p. 195 |
Experimental | p. 197 |
The Importance of Molecular Conformations in P4P | p. 198 |
Molecular Orientation and Conformation within Ultrathin P4P Films Grown on Gold Substrates: Studies using Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy | p. 198 |
Ultrathin Layer Containing only the -Species | p. 199 |
Full Monolayer Containing -and ß-Species | p. 202 |
Multilayers | p. 202 |
The Orientation of Organic Oligophenylene "Needles" on Gold Substrates | p. 203 |
Manipulation of Organic Needles Using an STM Operated under SEM Control | p. 206 |
STM Studies of P4P Needles | p. 207 |
Manipulation of STM Needles | p. 211 |
STM Investigations of the Former Contact Area | p. 214 |
References | p. 215 |
Optics | |
Nanooptics Using Organic Nanofibers | p. 219 |
Morphology and Optical Response | p. 219 |
Static Response | p. 219 |
Dynamic Response | p. 220 |
Guiding of Electromagnetic Waves | p. 225 |
Spatial Distribution of Molecular Emitters | p. 228 |
The Optical Near Field of Nanofibers | p. 231 |
Single Photon Tunneling Microscopy | p. 231 |
Two-photon Near Field Microscopy | p. 234 |
Conclusions | p. 236 |
References | p. 237 |
Optical Gain and Random Lasing in Self-Assembled Organic Nanofibers | p. 239 |
Introduction | p. 239 |
Overview on Random Lasing | p. 240 |
Experimental Techniques | p. 241 |
Random Lasing and Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Close-Packed Organic Nanofibers | p. 242 |
Optical Amplification and Random Laser Action in Single Organic Nanofibers | p. 247 |
Coherent Random Lasing in Single Nanofibers | p. 247 |
Optical Amplification in Single Nanofibers | p. 252 |
Potential Applications of Self-assembled Organic Nanofibers | p. 255 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 257 |
References | p. 258 |
Applications | |
Fabrication and Characterization of Self-Organized Nanostructured Organic Thin Films and Devices | p. 263 |
Introduction | p. 263 |
Experimental Methods | p. 265 |
Organic Materials and Growth Techniques | p. 265 |
OFET: Device Fabrication | p. 266 |
Electrical Characterization Using an OFET (Operating Principle) | p. 267 |
Morphological Characterization of Organic Thin Films and Devices | p. 270 |
Optical and Structural Characterization of Organic Thin Films and Devices | p. 270 |
Anisotropy of Self-Organized Organic Thin Films | p. 271 |
Anisotropic Epitaxial Growth of p-6P on Mica(001) | p. 271 |
Anisotropic Epitaxial Growth of p-6P on KCl(001) | p. 277 |
Anisotropic Epitaxial Growth of p-6P and p-4P on TiO2 and Metal Surfaces | p. 282 |
Luminescent and Lasing Properties of Anisotropic Organic Thin Films | p. 285 |
Devices Based on Organic Thin Films | p. 288 |
OFETs Based on C60 Thin Films Grown by HWE | p. 288 |
Anisotropic Current-Voltage Characteristics of p-6P Chains on Mica | p. 292 |
Conclusions | p. 295 |
References | p. 296 |
Device-Oriented Studies on Electrical, Optical and Mechanical Properties of Individual Organic Nanofibers | p. 301 |
Introduction | p. 301 |
Toward Photonic Devices: The Optical Properties of Isolated Nanofibers | p. 303 |
Preparation and Optical Detection | p. 303 |
Nanofiber Tomography and Angular Light Emission | p. 304 |
Studies on Electrical Properties | p. 309 |
Charge Injection and Transport | p. 309 |
Experiments on Single-Nanofiber Devices | p. 311 |
Nanofiber Mechanics | p. 315 |
2-D Manipulation | p. 316 |
3-D Manipulation | p. 320 |
Conclusions | p. 322 |
References | p. 323 |
Device Treatment of Organic Nanofibers: Embedding, Detaching, and Cutting | p. 325 |
Introduction | p. 325 |
Coating of Organic Nanofibers on Mica | p. 327 |
Parameters Related to the Embedding of Organic Nanofibers: Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Expansion | p. 327 |
Evaporation of Silicon Oxide | p. 329 |
Antibleaching Effect with SiOx Coatings | p. 330 |
Microscopical Analysis of Nanofibers on Mica, Covered by SiOx | p. 330 |
Parameters Related to the Embedding of Organic Nanofibers: Preparation of Polymer Films | p. 338 |
Motivation for Encapsulation of Nanofibers in Polymers | p. 338 |
Essential and Desirable Polymer Properties, Preparation Strategies | p. 340 |
Cutting of Nanofibers | p. 342 |
Conclusions | p. 345 |
References | p. 346 |
Index | p. 347 |
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