Contributors | p. xi |
Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Introduction and Overview | p. 1 |
The Problem | p. 1 |
The Science | p. 1 |
Transferring Knowledge to Practice | p. 2 |
The Clinical Mandate | p. 2 |
Children: An Overlooked At-Risk Group | p. 2 |
The System Mandate | p. 3 |
The Purpose of This Book | p. 3 |
Summary | p. 5 |
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Pathogenesis | |
Demographic Perspectives: The Magnitude of Concern | p. 9 |
Introduction | p. 9 |
Prevalence | p. 10 |
Fractures | p. 11 |
Lifetime Fracture Risks | p. 11 |
Global Perspectives | p. 12 |
Consequences of Osteoporosis | p. 13 |
Future Projections | p. 16 |
The Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis | p. 19 |
Introduction | p. 19 |
Bone Physiology | p. 20 |
Conclusion | p. 28 |
Clinical Management | |
Diagnostic Tests and Interpretation | p. 33 |
Introduction | p. 33 |
Bone Mineral Density Testing | p. 33 |
Guidelines for Interpretation | p. 35 |
Clinical Utility | p. 38 |
Markers of Bone Turnover | p. 39 |
Secondary Cause Evaluation | p. 40 |
Pharmacological Management | p. 47 |
Bisphosphonate Therapy | p. 48 |
Parathyroid Hormone Therapy (PTH) | p. 52 |
Estrogen Therapy | p. 53 |
Bioidentical Hormones | p. 57 |
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) | p. 59 |
Calcitonin (Salmon) Therapy | p. 64 |
Combination Antiresorptive Therapy | p. 66 |
Calcium and Vitamin D | p. 67 |
Vitamin D | p. 69 |
Integrative Therapies | p. 72 |
Pain Management | p. 73 |
Conclusion | p. 76 |
Surgical Management of Fractures | p. 83 |
Complications of Osteoporosis | p. 83 |
Hip Fractures | p. 84 |
Vertebral Compression Fractures | p. 88 |
Wrist Fractures | p. 97 |
Prevention | p. 99 |
Conclusion | p. 99 |
Nonpharmacological Management | |
Diet and Bone Health | p. 103 |
The Effect of Calcium on Peak Bone Mass | p. 104 |
Does Calcium Intake Minimize Bone Loss and Reduce Fractures? | p. 104 |
Recommended Calcium Intakes | p. 105 |
The Calcium Paradox | p. 106 |
Food Sources of Calcium | p. 106 |
Vitamin D | p. 107 |
Sources of Vitamin D | p. 108 |
Recommended Vitamin D Intakes | p. 109 |
How Much Calcium and Vitamin D Is Available in Foods and Supplements? | p. 109 |
Is It Possible to Consume Too Much Calcium and Vitamin D? | p. 109 |
Total Diet | p. 110 |
Nutritional Recommendations | p. 112 |
Summary | p. 113 |
Exercise Mandate: Preventative and Restorative | p. 117 |
Preventative | p. 118 |
Restorative | p. 127 |
General Considerations | p. 132 |
Summary | p. 133 |
Osteoporosis and Fall Prevention | p. 141 |
Elements of a Fall Prevention Program | p. 143 |
HEROS Fall Prevention Program for Community Dwelling Older Adults | p. 148 |
Maintaining Independence and Quality of Life | p. 153 |
Client-Centered Approach | p. 154 |
Setting Goals for Lifestyle Redesign | p. 155 |
Integrating Interdisciplinary Assessments | p. 155 |
Common Problems Affecting Independence and Quality of Life | p. 159 |
Lifestyle Redesign for Living With Osteoporosis | p. 161 |
Successful Lifestyle Redesign-Outcomes and Prognosis | p. 164 |
Summary | p. 164 |
Prevention Strategies | |
Maximizing Peak Bone Mass in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Public Health Priority | p. 169 |
Nutrition | p. 170 |
Physical Activity | p. 173 |
Medications | p. 174 |
Medical Conditions | p. 175 |
Prevention Programs | p. 177 |
A Model for Improving Access to Osteoporosis Care: The Geisinger Health System Mobile DXA Program | p. 181 |
Osteoporosis Testing | p. 181 |
Heel Ultrasound-A Helpful but Incomplete Solution | p. 182 |
Mobile DXA-Providing the Gold-Standard Test at the Convenience of the Patient's Primary Care Physician's Office | p. 183 |
Mobile DXA-Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 185 |
A Model for Community Outreach: Cooperative Extension Osteoporosis Prevention and Screening Programs | p. 187 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
About cooperative Extension | p. 188 |
Creating Health: Osteoporosis | p. 190 |
Other Program Examples | p. 192 |
Summary | p. 198 |
Health Policy and Insurance Reimbursement | p. 201 |
Policy Makers and Stakeholders | p. 202 |
Reimbursement: Federal | p. 208 |
Policy and Reimbursement: Individual States in the United States | p. 209 |
Policy Development: Case Studies | p. 214 |
Summary | p. 216 |
Emerging Approaches in the Prevention of Osteoporosis | p. 219 |
Introduction | p. 219 |
Bone Adaptation and Fluid Flow | p. 220 |
Fluid Flow in Humans | p. 221 |
Skeletal Muscle Pump Stimulation and Bone Health | p. 224 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 228 |
Acknowledgments | p. 229 |
Resources and Related Links | p. 235 |
Federal Government | p. 255 |
State Government | p. 238 |
Nongovernment | p. 239 |
Diagnoses That Support Medical Necessity for Bone Densitometry for Reimbursement | p. 241 |
Index | p. 247 |
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