| Introduction | p. viii |
| Sentences | p. 2 |
| Simple sentences and verbs | p. 3 |
| Subjects and verbs | p. 4 |
| Verbs and objects | p. 6 |
| Verbs with indirect objects and clauses | p. 8 |
| Linking verbs | p. 10 |
| Compound and complex sentences | p. 12 |
| Tests | p. 14 |
| Tenses | p. 16 |
| Verbs, auxiliary verbs and tenses | p. 17 |
| Present and present perfect | p. 18 |
| Past and past perfect | p. 20 |
| Present perfect or past simple? | p. 22 |
| Past perfect or past simple? | p. 23 |
| Future | p. 24 |
| Tests | p. 26 |
| Modals | p. 28 |
| Modals and phrasal modals | p. 29 |
| Complex modals | p. 30 |
| Prediction: will, would, be going to, shall | p. 32 |
| Willingness, habits and preferences: will and would | p. 33 |
| Ability: can, could, be able to | p. 34 |
| Permission: can, could, may, might, be allowed to | p. 35 |
| Possibility: may, might, can, could | p. 36 |
| Necessity: must, have to, have got to, need to, needn't | p. 38 |
| Deduction: must, have to, have got to, can't and couldn't | p. 40 |
| Obligation and advice: should, ought to, be supposed to, had better | p. 41 |
| Tests | p. 42 |
| Negatives and questions | p. 44 |
| Word order in negatives and questions | p. 45 |
| Negative questions and question tags | p. 46 |
| Negative words | p. 48 |
| Question words | p. 50 |
| Other question types | p. 52 |
| Tests | p. 54 |
| The passive | p. 56 |
| Active and passive | p. 57 |
| Passives with modals, infinitives and gerunds | p. 58 |
| Passive verbs | p. 60 |
| The uses of the passive | p. 62 |
| Passives with by-phrases and ergatives | p. 64 |
| Passives with get | p. 65 |
| Tests | p. 66 |
| Articles and nouns | p. 68 |
| Types of articles and nouns | p. 69 |
| Articles: a/ an or the | p. 70 |
| Alan or one, a/ an or no article, the or no article | p. 72 |
| Nouns: countable and uncountable | p. 74 |
| Nouns: generic, pair, group, plural and singular (+ -s) | p. 75 |
| Possessive and compound nouns | p. 76 |
| Articles and nouns in discourse | p. 78 |
| Tests | p. 80 |
| Determiners and quantifiers | p. 82 |
| Determiners | p. 83 |
| Quantifiers | p. 84 |
| Some and any, no and none | p. 86 |
| All and both, half and whole | p. 88 |
| Each and every, either and neither | p. 89 |
| Many, much and a lot (of), more and most | p. 90 |
| (A) few and (a) little, fewer/fewest and less/least | p. 92 |
| Multipliers, fractions and percentages | p. 93 |
| Tests | p. 94 |
| Pronouns, substitution and ellipsis | p. 96 |
| Personal, generic and possessive pronouns | p. 97 |
| Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns | p. 98 |
| Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns | p. 100 |
| Empty subject it | p. 102 |
| Empty subject there | p. 103 |
| Substitution: one and ones | p. 104 |
| Substitution: so and do so | p. 105 |
| Ellipsis | p. 106 |
| Tests | p. 108 |
| Adjectives and adverbs | p. 110 |
| Adjectives: emphasizing, describing, classifying | p. 111 |
| Adjectives: position and punctuation | p. 112 |
| Participle adjectives, compound adjectives and adjectives as nouns | p. 114 |
| Position of adverbs; adverbs of place, time, frequency, expectation, focus | p. 116 |
| Adverbs: degree, manner, viewpoint, comment | p. 118 |
| Equatives, comparatives and superlatives | p. 120 |
| Tests | p. 122 |
| Prepositions | p. 124 |
| Prepositions and prepositional phrases | p. 125 |
| Prepositions of time: at, in, on, etc. | p. 126 |
| Prepositions of time: during, for, since, etc. | p. 127 |
| Prepositions of place: at, in, on | p. 128 |
| Prepositions of place: above, below, between, etc. | p. 129 |
| Prepositions of movement and place: from, across, along, etc. | p. 130 |
| Prepositions used for connections: of, with, by | p. 132 |
| Prepositions used for exceptions: except (for), besides, without, etc. | p. 133 |
| Phrasal verbs | p. 134 |
| Tests | p. 136 |
| Infinitives and gerunds | p. 138 |
| Simple infinitives and gerunds | p. 139 |
| Complex infinitives and gerunds | p. 140 |
| Verbs with infinitives and gerunds | p. 142 |
| Adjectives with infinitives and gerunds | p. 144 |
| Nouns and pronouns with infinitives and gerunds | p. 145 |
| Tests | p. 146 |
| Reporting | p. 148 |
| Direct speech | p. 149 |
| Indirect speech | p. 150 |
| Reporting verbs | p. 152 |
| Reporting statements and questions | p. 154 |
| Reporting orders, requests, advice and opinions | p. 156 |
| Tests | p. 158 |
| Noun clauses | p. 160 |
| That-clauses and wfr-clauses | p. 161 |
| Noun clauses as subjects and objects | p. 162 |
| Nouns with noun clauses | p. 164 |
| Adjectives with noun clauses | p. 166 |
| The subjunctive or should in noun clauses | p. 167 |
| Uses of noun clauses | p. 168 |
| Tests | p. 170 |
| Relative clauses | p. 172 |
| Relative clauses and relative pronouns | p. 173 |
| Defining and non-defining relative clauses | p. 174 |
| Reduced relative clauses | p. 176 |
| Possessives and pronouns with relative clauses | p. 178 |
| Prepositions in relative clauses | p. 179 |
| Relative clauses with where, what, whatever, etc. | p. 180 |
| Tests | p. 182 |
| Conditionals | p. 184 |
| Real conditionals | p. 185 |
| Unreal conditionals | p. 186 |
| Mixed conditionals | p. 188 |
| Order and punctuation in conditionals | p. 189 |
| The uses of conditionals | p. 190 |
| Only if, even if, unless, whether, if so, etc. | p. 192 |
| Tests | p. 194 |
| Adverbial clauses | p. 196 |
| Adverbial clauses and conjunctions | p. 197 |
| Time clauses with when, while, as | p. 198 |
| Time clauses with after, before, until, since, etc. | p. 199 |
| Manner clauses with as, as if, as though, etc. | p. 200 |
| Reason clauses with because, as, since, etc. | p. 201 |
| Purpose clauses with so that, in order that, in order to, etc. | p. 202 |
| Result clauses with so, so ... that, such ... that | p. 203 |
| Contrast clauses with although, though, even though, etc. | p. 204 |
| Reduced adverbial clauses | p. 205 |
| Tests | p. 206 |
| Connectors and focus structures | p. 208 |
| Types of connectors and focus structures | p. 209 |
| Connectors, prepositions and conjunctions | p. 210 |
| Adding and contrasting connectors | p. 212 |
| Result and time connectors | p. 214 |
| Listing connectors | p. 215 |
| Focus structures: fronting and inversion | p. 216 |
| Focus structures: cleft sentences | p. 217 |
| Tests | p. 218 |
| Answer key | p. 220 |
| Exit test | p. 252 |
| Key to the exit test | p. 262 |
| Appendix Regular and irregular verbs | p. 263 |
| Glossary | p. 265 |
| Index | p. 273 |
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