Interparticulate Forces | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
Van der Waals forces | p. 5 |
Electrostatic forces | p. 8 |
Capillary forces | p. 9 |
Mechanical interlocking | p. 11 |
Factors affecting particulate interactions | p. 12 |
Particle size | p. 12 |
Particle shape | p. 14 |
Surface texture | p. 16 |
Contact area | p. 17 |
Surface energy | p. 20 |
Hygroscopicity | p. 22 |
Relative humidity | p. 23 |
Electrical properties | p. 24 |
References | p. 26 |
Interparticulate Forces in Pharmaceutical Powders | p. 29 |
Introduction | p. 30 |
Mechanical properties | p. 31 |
Electrical properties | p. 35 |
Water vapour condensation | p. 37 |
Particle morphology | p. 42 |
Polymorphism and crystallinity | p. 43 |
Processing conditions | p. 47 |
Flow properties | p. 50 |
Particle size | p. 50 |
Particle shape | p. 51 |
Electrostatic forces | p. 51 |
Powder mixing | p. 52 |
Agglomeration | p. 54 |
References | p. 59 |
Medicinal Aerosols | p. 65 |
Introduction | p. 66 |
Aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract | p. 67 |
Inertial impaction | p. 68 |
Sedimentation | p. 69 |
Diffusion | p. 70 |
Interception | p. 71 |
Electrostatic precipitation | p. 72 |
Delivery devices | p. 72 |
Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) | p. 72 |
Nebulisers | p. 74 |
Dry powder inhalers | p. 74 |
Physiology of the human respiratory tract | p. 80 |
Breathing patterns | p. 84 |
Flow rate | p. 84 |
Tidal volume and breath-holding | p. 85 |
Physico-chemical properties of drug particles | p. 86 |
Particle size | p. 86 |
Particle size distribution | p. 88 |
Particle density | p. 89 |
Particle shape | p. 90 |
Hygroscopic growth of particles in the airways | p. 91 |
References | p. 95 |
Particle interactions with Air Streams | p. 103 |
Introduction | p. 104 |
Drag forces of air streams | p. 106 |
Particle entrainment | p. 109 |
Particle detachment from stationary surfaces | p. 110 |
Powder fluidisation | p. 111 |
Particle dispersion | p. 114 |
Factors affecting entrainment and dispersion of particles in air streams | p. 116 |
Fluid properties | p. 116 |
Particle properties | p. 119 |
Particle-surface interaction | p. 123 |
Exposure time of particles to the air stream | p. 128 |
References | p. 129 |
Particulate Interactions in Dry Powder Aerosols | p. 133 |
Introduction | p. 134 |
Generation of aerosol dry powders | p. 136 |
Micronisation | p. 137 |
Spray-drying | p. 139 |
Crystallisation | p. 141 |
Carrier particles | p. 144 |
Carrier-free formulations | p. 145 |
Particulate interactions between the drug and carrier particles | p. 145 |
Morphology of carrier particles | p. 147 |
Electrical properties | p. 151 |
Drug-carrier formulations | p. 155 |
Other physico-chemical properties | p. 161 |
Preparative processes | p. 162 |
Relative humidity | p. 163 |
Drug properties | p. 165 |
References | p. 168 |
Measurement of Cohesion, Adhesion and Dispersion of Powders | p. 175 |
Introduction | p. 176 |
Cohesion of powders | p. 177 |
Angle of repose and the angle of internal friction | p. 177 |
Shear measurement of powder | p. 179 |
Microbalance method | p. 180 |
Adhesive forces | p. 181 |
Titled plane method | p. 181 |
The gravity method | p. 183 |
Centrifuge method | p. 184 |
Microbalance methods | p. 186 |
Aerodynamic methods | p. 186 |
Measurement of powder dispersion | p. 187 |
Sampling of airborne particles | p. 188 |
Sample analysis | p. 190 |
Characterisation of aerodynamic properties of medicinal aerosols | p. 192 |
Inertial impaction | p. 192 |
Two-stage liquid impinger | p. 194 |
Multistage liquid impinger | p. 198 |
The Andersen Cascade Impactor | p. 201 |
Other in vitro devices | p. 203 |
References | p. 204 |
Physical Characterisation of Pharmaceutical Powders | p. 209 |
Introduction | p. 210 |
Molecular properties | p. 211 |
X-ray powder diffractometry | p. 211 |
Thermal analysis | p. 213 |
Vibrational spectroscopy | p. 215 |
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | p. 217 |
Miscellaneous techniques | p. 219 |
Particulate properties | p. 220 |
Particle size and size distribution | p. 220 |
Particle shape | p. 224 |
Surface smoothness | p. 231 |
Bulk properties of solids | p. 234 |
Surface area | p. 234 |
Flowability | p. 238 |
Density | p. 240 |
References | p. 244 |
Index | p. 251 |
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