Preface xix
Part One: The Evolution of Pavement Management
1 Introduction 3
2 Birth and Teen Years of Pavement Management (1967â"1987) 5
2.1 Network Level PMS 8
2.2 The Impact of Lack of Understanding of Software Requirements 9
2.3 Lessons Learned from the Early Development Years 10
2.4 Basic Requirements for an Effective and Comprehensive PMS 11
3 Pavement Management Development from 2010 15
3.1 Data Aggregation and Sectioning 16
3.2 Private Investment 16
3.3 Parallel International Developments 17
3.4 Administrative and Public Awareness of PMS 17
3.5 Education 18
3.6 Improvements in Computers and Software Development 19
3.7 Other Compatible Management Systems 19
3.8 Expansion of PMS Concerns 20
4 Setting the Stage 21
References for Part One 23
Part Two: Data Requirements
5 Overview of Pavement Management Data Needs 27
5.1 Classes of Data Required 27
5.2 The Importance of Construction and Maintenance History Data 28
5.3 The Importance of Performance Related Pavement Evaluation 30
5.4 Objectivity and Consistency in Pavement Data Acquisition and Use 30
5.5 Combining Pavement Evaluation Measures 30
6 Inventory Data Needs 31
6.1 Purpose of Inventory Data 31
6.2 Types of Inventory Data 31
6.3 Selection and Referencing of Pavement Management Sections 32
6.4 Collecting and Processing Section and Network Data 33
6.5 Traffic and Truck Load Data 34
7 Characterizing Pavement Performance 35
7.1 The Serviceability-Performance Concept 35
7.2 Pavement Roughness 35
7.3 Equipment for Evaluating Roughness 36
7.4 Toward a Universal Roughness Standard 37
7.5 Calibration Needs and Procedures 39
7.6 Relating Roughness to Serviceability 45
7.7 Applications of Roughness Data 47
8 Evaluation of Pavement Structural Capacity 49
8.1 Basic Considerations 49
8.2 Nondestructive Measurement and Analysis 49
8.2.1 Deflection Measurements 50
8.2.2 Moving Measurement of Deflections 51
8.2.3 Ground Penetrating Radar 55
8.3 Destructive Structural Evaluation 58
8.4 Structural Capacity Index Concepts 58
8.5 Network versus Project Level Applications of Structural Capacity Evaluation 64
8.5.1 Staged Measurements 65
9 Evaluation of Pavement Surface Distress Condition Surveys 67
9.1 Purposes of Surface Distress Surveys 67
9.2 Manual Methods for Distress Surveys 67
9.3 Automated Survey Methods 69
9.4 Types of Distress 70
9.5 Examples of Distress Survey Procedures 70
9.6 Equipment for Distress Evaluation 74
9.7 Summary of Pavement Distress Scores Used by State DOTs 80
9.8 Example Equipment: Fugro, Roadware-ARAN 83
9.9 Example Equipment: Service Provider-Pathway Services Inc. 85
9.10 Application of Distress Data 87
10 Evaluation of Pavement Safety 89
10.1 Major Safety Components 90
10.2 Skid Resistance Evaluation 90
10.3 Basic Concepts of Skid Resistance and the Importance of Pavement Texture 91
10.4 Methods of Measuring and Reporting Skid Resistance 93
10.5 Change of Skid Resistance with Time, Traffic, and Climate (Weather/Season) 95
10.6 Including Friction Management in a Pavement Management System 95
11 Combined Measures of Pavement Quality 103
11.1 Concept of Combined Measures 103
11.2 Examples of Combined Indexes 104
11.3 Developing Combined Indexes 105
12 Data Base Management 109
12.1 Introduction 109
12.2 Factors that Characterize the Present State of Data Base Management 109
12.3 Some Evolutionary Features of Data Base Management 111
12.4 Data Base Management Systems and Key Components 112
12.5 Advantages of Integrated Data Base Management Systems 114
12.6 Examples of Integrated Data Base Management 115
12.7 Success Factors for Effective Data Base Management 118
13 Communicating the Present Status of Pavement Networks 121
13.1 Introduction 121
13.2 Performance Measures 122
13.3 Performance Measurement and Strategic Level Pavement Management 123
13.4 Performance Measure Categories 124
13.5 Example Report on the State of a Road Network in Terms of International Roughness Index 131
13.6 Example Report on the State of a Road Network in Terms of Asset Value 133
13.7 Example Report on a State Timeline of âGoodâ Pavement 136
References for Part Two 137
Part Three: Determining Present and Future Needs and Priority Programing of Rehabilitation and Maintenance
14 Establishing Criteria 147
14.1 Reasons for Establishing Criteria 147
14.2 Measures to which Criteria can be Applied 147
14.3 Factors Affecting Limits, and Some Examples 148
14.4 Effects of Changing Criteria 148
15 Prediction Models for Pavement Deterioration 151
15.1 Clarification of Performance and Deterioration Prediction 151
15.2 Parameters or Measures to be Predicted 152
15.3 Basic Types of Prediction Models and Examples 157
16 Determining Needs 159
17 Rehabilitation and Maintenance Alternatives 161
17.1 Identification of Alternatives 161
17.2 Decision Processes and Expert Systems Approaches to Identifying Feasible Alternative 163
17.3 Deterioration Modeling of Rehabilitation and Maintenance Alternatives 169
17.4 Costs, Benefits, and Cost-Effectiveness Calculations 169
18 Priority Programing of Rehabilitation and Maintenance 171
18.1 Basic Approaches to Establishing Alternatives and Policies 171
18.2 Selecting a Length of Program Period 172
18.3 Basic Functions of Priority Programming 172
18.4 Priority Programing Methods 173
18.5 Examples and Comparisons 175
18.6 Budget Level Evaluation and Specific Standards 175
18.7 Final Program Selection 176
19 Developing Combined Programs of Maintenance and Rehabilitation 177
19.1 Example Results of a Combined Program 179
19.2 Summary 179
References for Part Three 183
Part Four: Structural Design and Economic Analysis: Project Level
20 A Framework for Pavement Design 187
20.1 Introduction 187
20.2 Focus on the MEPDG 188
20.3 Basic Structural Response Models 189
20.4 Characterization of Design Inputs 190
20.5 Variability, Reliability and Risk in Pavement Management 195
20.6 Generating Alternative Design Strategies 197
21 The MEPDG Process for Pavement Design 201
21.1 Introduction 201
21.2 Calibration Issues 203
21.3 MEPDG Software 204
21.4 Levels of Use in the MEPDG 205
21.5 Good Design is Not Enough - Life Cycle Pavement Management is Also Needed 206
21.6 Summary of the MEPDG for Flexible Pavements 206
22 The MEPDG for Design of New and Reconstructed Rigid Pavements 211
22.1 Introduction 211
22.2 Overview of the Design Process 212
22.3 Processing of Inputs for the Design Analysis 214
22.4 Structural Response Models 214
23 Rehabilitation of Existing Pavements 217
23.1 Introduction 217
23.2 MEPDG Suggested Evaluation Data for Pavement Rehabilitation 218
23.3 MEPDG Rehabilitation Design with HMA 219
23.4 MEPDG Rehabilitation Design with PCC 221
23.5 Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) of JPCP 222
23.6 Models, Algorithms, and Transfer Functions of the MEPDG 225
23.7 Quality of Calibration Data and Factor Adjustments 225
23.8 AASHTO Manual of Practices 227
24 MEPDG in Practice 229
24.1 Use of the Guide in Pavement Management 229
24.2 MEPDG Offers a Roadmap to Improvement 230
24.3 MEPDG Research Teamâs Perspective on Guide Improvements 230
24.4 Practical Experience with MEPDG Flexible Pavement Models 232
24.5 Use of MEPDG for Rehabilitation and Overlay Design 233
24.6 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Software 234
24.7 Summary 234
25 Economic Evaluation of Alternative Pavement Design Strategies and Selection of an Optimal Strategy 237
25.1 Introduction 237
25.2 Consideration of Environmental Costs in Selecting Alternative Strategies 238
25.3 Weighing Costs versus Environmental Benefits 238
25.4 Unique and/or Unpredictable Cost Factors 239
25.5 User Costs 240
25.6 Selection of an Optimal Strategy 240
25.7 Summary 241
References for Part Four 242
Part Five: Implementation of Pavement Management Systems
26 Steps and Key Components of Implementation 249
26.1 Recognize Need for Change 250
26.2 User Interface Design/User Experience Design 250
26.3 Education/Training 252
26.4 Staffing 252
26.5 Agency Input 253
26.6 Training in Software Use 253
27 Role of Construction 255
27.1 Construction Linked to Planning and Programming 256
27.2 Construction Linked to Project Level Design and Expected Life Cycle Performance 256
27.3 Construction Linked with Maintenance and Evaluation 256
27.4 Information Flows from and to Construction 257
27.5 Role of Construction in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPâs) 257
28 Role of Maintenance 259
28.1 Maintenance Linked to Other Phases of Pavement Management 260
28.2 Pavement Preservation in Maintenance 260
28.3 Maintenance Management Systems Related to PMS 265
29 Research Management 267
29.1 Some Key Elements of Research Management 268
29.2 Issues and Examples 269
References for Part Five 271
Part Six: Examples of Working Systems
30 Basic Features of Working Systems 275
31 Network Level Examples of Pavement Management 279
31.1 Review of COTS PMS Vendors 281
31.2 Vendor Background 284
31.3 Guidelines to Available PMS Software 285
31.4 Evaluation of Available Information on Leading PMS Providers 289
31.5 Summary 294
32 Project Level Examples of PMS Software 295
33 HDM-4 the Upgraded World Bank Model 297
33.1 HDM-4 Applications 299
33.2 Summary 302
34 City and County Pavement Management Systems 305
34.1 Lisbon, Portugal 307
34.2 City of San Antonio, Texas 307
34.3 Metro Nashville PMS Selection Process 309
34.4 Pavement Management in Johannesburg, South Africa 309
34.5 City of Henderson, Nevada 311
34.6 GIS Based Pavement Management Systemâ"Fountain Hills Arizona 312
35 Airport Pavement Management 313
35.1 PAVER and MicroPAVER 313
35.2 USDOT Federal Aviation Administration Support and Use of PMS 316
35.3 Arizona Airports Pavement Management System 318
35.4 Washington State Airport Pavement Management System 319
35.5 Summary 320
References for Part Six 321
Part Seven: Looking Ahead
36 Analyzing Special Problems 327
36.1 Calibration of Pavement Design Methods 327
36.2 Superpave Evaluation 328
36.3 Warm Mix Asphalts 328
36.4 Corridor Analysis 329
36.5 Improved Pavement Performance Models 329
36.6 Geographic Areas of Heavy Damage 330
36.7 Analysis of Heavy Load Corridors 331
36.8 Summary 331
37 Applications of Expert Systems Technology 333
38 New and Emerging Technologies 335
38.1 Predicted Advances in PMS 335
38.2 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 335
38.3 New Software, Hardware, Data Bases, and Personal Computers 336
38.4 New Measurement Technologies 336
38.5 Summary 339
39 Institutional Issues and Barriers Related to Pavement Management Implementation 341
39.1 Introduction 341
39.2 Summary 343
40 Cost and Benefits of Pavement Management 345
40.1 General 345
40.2 Quantifiable Benefits 348
40.3 Benefit/Cost of Developing and Using PMS 348
40.4 Example Benefits of PMS for Arizona DOT 349
40.5 Example Benefits of Management Systems for Pinellas County Public Works, Florida 350
40.6 Summary 351
41 Future Direction and Need for Innovation in Pavement Management 353
41.1 Pavement Management Roadmap 353
41.2 Consider User Costs and Vehicle Operating Cost in PMS 361
41.3 Needs for Improved Software 361
41.4 Forward Looking Opportunities 363
41.5 Motivating Factors and Roadblocks in Advancing Pavement Management 363
42 Developments in Asset Management 371
42.1 Background 372
42.2 Framework for AMS 373
42.3 Business Plan for AMS 375
42.4 General Principles of Asset Management Evolving from PMS 375
42.5 Early Positive Steps by DOTs 376
42.6 Maturing AMS 377
42.7 Roadblocks to AMS Implementation 378
42.8 Strategic Level 379
42.9 Corporate Data Base and Executive Information System 379
42.10 Network Level and Project Level 380
42.11 Summary 380
42.12 Websites Containing Transportation Asset Management Information as of 2014 380
References to Part Seven 382
Index 387
