Part I * The Promise of Peace, the Problems of War Chapter 1 * The Meanings of Peace The Meanings of Peace Positive and Negative Peace Measuring Peace The Global Peace Index Culture of Peace A Final Note on the Meanings of Peace Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 2 * Peace Studies, Peace Education, and Peace Research Peace Studies, War Studies, and Peace and Conflict Studies Peace Education The Dimensions of Peace and Conflict Studies PCS Today Some Contributions of PCS The Future of PCS A Final Note on Peace and Conflict Studies, Education, and Research Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Scholarly Journals Notes Chapter 3 * The Meaning of War Defining War The Frequency and Intensity of Wars Historical Trends in War Modern Weaponry Cutting-Edge Military Technologies Has Technology Made War Obsolete? Wars, Empires, Colonialism, and National Liberation The Desirability of Peace Versus Justifications for Wars Social Justice and War Political Ideologies and Militarism Is War Inevitable? Can Nations Change? The Nature and Functions of Conflict A Final Note on War Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 4 * Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A War Without End? What Is Terrorism? Who Are Terrorists? A Brief History of Terrorism: From Above and From Below Terrorism and the Middle East Divisions Within Islam The Official Terrorism Industry The Global War on Terrorism The Victims and Perpetrators of Global Terrorism and Counterterrorism A Final Note on Terrorism Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 5 * Nuclear Weapons The Nature of Nuclear Weapons Delivery Systems Strategic Doctrine: Deterrence How a Nuclear War Could Start Nuclear Proliferation Some New Worries Some Good News What Might Be Done A Final Note on Nuclear Weapons Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Part II * The Causes of Wars Chapter 6 * The Individual Level Aggression, Drives, and Instincts Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology Freudian and Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Perspectives Innate Depravity? Social Learning Theories Gender, War, and Peace Prejudice, Images of the Enemy, and Human Needs Attributions and Projection Dehumanization, Altruism, and Reconciliation The Attractions of War Inhibitions Against War Some Issues in Nuclear Psychology A Final Note on Individual-Level Explanations of Wars Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 7 * The Group Level War: Its Early History Functions of Nontechnological Wars Characteristics of Premodern Wars Alternatives to Traditional, Premodern Warfare Underlying Group Processes Brief Conclusion on Premodern and Nontechnological Warfare Nations, States, Ethnic Groups, and Nationalism A Brief History of Nationalist Wars Types of Nationalist Wars Nationalist Threats to States Racial and Cultural Intolerance Nationalism and the Public Mood Nationalism and Political Ideology 186 World War I: Ideology Loses to Nationalism The Question of "National Character" A Final Note on Nationalism and Ethnocentrism Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 8 * The State Level Defining the State State Sovereignty The State System Alliances Between States Realpolitik and Raisons d'Etat Internal Cohesion Arms Races A Final Note on War and States Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 9 * The Decision-Making Level The Role of Leaders Crisis Decision Making Some Issues Regarding Perception and Cognition A Final Note on Decision Making Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 10 * The Ideological, Social, and Economic Levels Conflicting Ideologies Population Pressure and Other Social Stresses Poverty as a Cause of War Imperialism The Military-Industrial Complex The Economic Effects of Wars The Effects of Military Spending Cultural Conflicts and the "Clash of Civilizations" A Final Note on the Complex Causes of War Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Part III * Building "Negative Peace" Chapter 11 * Peace Movements Popular Attitudes Toward Peace Attention, Success, and Failure Historical and Current Perceptions of War History and Taxonomy of Peace Movements Interconnections Between Peace and Other Social Movements Some Internal Debates Within Peace Movements Some Criticisms of Peace Movements Maintaining the Momentum of Peace Movements A Final Note on Peace Movements Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 12 * Diplomacy, Negotiations, and Conflict Resolution Conflict: A Brief Overview Summitry A Brief History of Diplomacy Diplomacy and Military Force Diplomacy and Realpolitik Track II Diplomacy Third-Party Involvement Negotiating Techniques for Resolving Conflict Methods of Integrative Bargaining Additional Negotiating Techniques A Final Note on Conflict Resolution Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 13 * Disarmament and Arms Control Different Visions of Disarmament A Brief History of Disarmament Some Current Agreements The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Future Prospects Some Conventional Arms-Control Efforts Pitfalls of Arms Control Agreements Benefits and Methods of Achieving Arms Control Agreements Economic Conversion A Final Note on Disarmament and Arms Control Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 14 * International Cooperation The United Nations Limitations on the UN's Use of Force Other Functions of the United Nations Functionalism Regional Organizations Intergovernmental Organizations World Government? A Brief History of Plans for World Government Pros and Cons of World Government The Dream of World Government: A Waste of Time? The Prospects for World Government The Uniting of the United States of America: A Rehearsal for a Global Federal System? Trans-Governmental Movements A Final Note on International Cooperation Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 15 * Peace Through Strength? Balance of Power Problems With Balance of Power Hegemonic US? Collective Security National Security via Military Force Appeasement, Provocation, and Deterrence The Prisoner's Dilemma Sanctions Nonprovocative Defense A Final Note on Peace Through Strength Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 16 * International Law The Sources of International Law Enforcement of International Law The Conflict Between International Law and State Sovereignty Hidden Strengths of International Law The Laws of War A Final Note on International Law Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 17 * Ethical and Religious Perspectives A Two-Sided View of Killing Ethics Religious Attitudes Toward War Christian "Realism" Religious Pacifism Nuclear Ethics A Final Note on Ethics and Religion Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Part IV * Building "Positive Peace" Chapter 18 * Human Rights A Brief History of Human Rights Women's Rights Some Human Rights Controversies Refugees LGBT Rights The Legal Status of Human Rights Human Rights and the Nation-State Human Rights and Peace Competing Conceptions of Human Rights The Responsibility to Protect Human Rights Violations Under Authoritarian Regimes Promoting Human Rights A Final Note on Human Rights Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 19 * Environmental Well-Being Enhanced Environmental Awareness The Environment and National Security The Tragedy of the Commons Some Major Environmental Problems Some Environmental Principles Environmental Activism Struggling for Sustainability Resource Wars Environmental Ethics A Final Note on Ecological Well-Being Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 20 * The Climate Crisis Causes of Global Climate Change Some Skeptical Questions Regarding Climate Science and Some Replies to Them Indirect Consequences of Global Heating What Can We Expect in the Future? Obstacles to Action Prospects for Progress Technology to the Rescue? A Final Note on the Climate Crisis Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Climate Change Websites Chapter 21 * Economic Well-Being The Problem of Poverty Socioeconomic Development Ethics, Equity, and a Bit of History Hunger Measuring Wealth, Poverty, and Income Inequality Population The Demographic-Economic-Environmental Trap Future Directions The Case of Costa Rica A Final Note on Economic Well-Being Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 22 * Democracy What Is Democracy? A Brief Modern History of Democratization The Arab Spring: A "Fifth Wave" That Largely Failed The Occupy Movement The Democracy "Recession" Democracies and Wars Can Democracy Be Exported? Should It Be? A Final Note on Movements Toward Democracy Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 23 * National Reconciliation Altruism, Aggression, and Reconciliation in Nonhuman Primates Truth and Reconciliation Commissions The Opposite of Reconciliation TRC Downsides and Caveats A Final Note on National Reconciliation Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 24 * Nonviolence What Is Nonviolence? Violence Nonviolent Peace Theorists and Theories Mohandas K. Gandhi Gandhian Nonviolence in Theory and Practice Martin Luther King Jr. and the US Civil Rights Movement Some Nonviolent Successes Civilian-Based Defense Does Nonviolence "Work"? If So, Why? Prospects for Nonviolence A Final Note on Nonviolence Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes Chapter 25 * The Coronavirus Pandemic: Catastrophe, Wake-Up Call, or Both? A Bit of History Socioeconomic Inequality Local and Domestic Consequences Possible Origins of the Pandemic and Human/Animal Interdependency More Cooperation or Less? Altered Political Realities, for Better and Worse Science and Public Health A Final Note on the Coronavirus Pandemic Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Coronavirus Websites Chapter 26 * The Personal and the Political Transformations of Self and Society Toward the Future A Final Note on Transformation and the Future Questions for Further Reflection Suggestions for Further Reading Notes
