Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management

By: Wim Salomons (Editor), Kerry Turner (Editor), Luiz D. de Lacerda (Editor)

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408 Pages

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23.39 x 15.6 x 2.39

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All coastal areas are facing a growing range of stresses and shocks, the scale of which now poses threats to the resilience of both human and environmental coastal systems. Responsible agencies are seeking better ways of managing the causes and consequences of the environmental change process in coastal zones. This volume discusses the basic principles underpinning a more integrated approach to coastal management and highlights the obstacles that may be met in practice in both developed and developing countries. Successful strategies will have to encompass all the elements of management, from planning and design through financing and implementation, as highlighted in this book. This book includes a CD-ROM with computer visualisation of field data and water quality modelling. There are also movie clips of spectacular scenes.

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Introduction and Overview	p. 1
Coastal Management Principles and Practice	p. 1
References	p. 9
Methodological Principles	p. 11
Principles and Benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Pressure-State-Impact-Response (P-S-I-R) Framework	p. 15
The Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)	p. 18
Establishing Priorities for Management Actions	p. 21
Characterising the Benefits of ICZM	p. 22
Demonstrating the Benefits of ICZM	p. 25
Without ICZM	p. 26
With ICZM	p. 28
Steps in Estimating ICZM Net Benefits	p. 31
Conclusions	p. 33
References	p. 34
The Challenge of Demonstrating the Socio-economic Benefits of Integrated Coastal Management	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
The Coastal Development Context	p. 37
The Challenge of Optimising the Economic and Social Benefits Derived from Maintaining the Flow of Goods and Services Supplied by Coastal Ecosystems	p. 40
The Need to Move Away From Current Sectoral Management Approaches	p. 40
The Need for Improved Information to Demonstrate the Benefits of Integrated Coastal Management	p. 41
The Basis for Integration	p. 42
Means of Meeting the Challenge	p. 44
Valuing Coastal Ecosystems and their Role in Sustaining Human Activities	p. 44
A Simple Conceptual Model for Illustrating Role of Coastal Ecosystems in Sustaining Human Activities	p. 48
Multiple-use Management of Coastal Areas and Associated Ecosystems Utilising the Concept of Integrated Coastal Management	p. 51
Conclusions	p. 51
References	p. 52
Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development in Coastal Zone Regions: Using Natural Resource Accounts	p. 55
The Need for a Comprehensive Framework to Represent Socio-economic Systems	p. 55
Natural Resource Accounting	p. 56
Using Natural Resource Accounts in Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development in Indonesia	p. 57
Results of Scenario Analysis	p. 63
Institutional Factors Critical to Successful Implementation of Natural Resource Accounts	p. 66
Relevance of Natural Resource Accounting to ICZM	p. 67
References	p. 67
Methods and Tools to Support CZM	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
The Approach	p. 69
General	p. 69
The Issues	p. 70
The Process	p. 70
The Actions	p. 72
Active Involvement of Stakeholders	p. 72
The Integration of Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects	p. 73
General	p. 73
Step 1: Driving Forces and Pressures	p. 75
Step 2: The State of the Environment	p. 77
Step 3: Impact and Response	p. 79
Policy Instruments to Coordinate Administrative and Governance Initiatives at Various Levels and in Different Sectors	p. 80
General	p. 80
Institutional Arrangements	p. 81
Financing	p. 81
Monitoring	p. 81
Technical Instruments to Support Administrative and Governance Initiatives at Various Levels and in Different Sectors	p. 83
General	p. 83
User Requirements	p. 83
The LWI Concept	p. 83
Human Resources Development and Technology Transfer	p. 85
General	p. 85
Scope of Technology Transfer	p. 85
Phasing of Technology Transfer	p. 87
References	p. 87
Chances for Nature - A Matter of Substitution	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Nature as a Common	p. 89
Substitution of Natural Capital	p. 91
Capital Stock Theory	p. 91
Views on Nature	p. 92
Conservation View	p. 92
Functionality	p. 93
Coevolution	p. 94
Valuation Implications	p. 95
Conclusions and Discussion	p. 96
References	p. 98
The Role of Ecology in Coastal Zone Mangement: Perspectives from South-East Australia	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
Decision-Making Against an Uncertain Background	p. 101
Natural Ecological Systems	p. 101
Temporal and Spatial Variation	p. 103
Life-Histories and Scales of Management	p. 104
Managerial Decisions as Experiments	p. 105
Sewerage Outfalls on the Rocky Coast of New South Wales	p. 105
Recreational Boating	p. 107
Restoration of Wetlands	p. 110
Marine Reserves and Intertidal Foraging for Bait and Food	p. 115
Marginalization of Scientific Contributions in Australia	p. 118
Biological Diversity and its Conservation	p. 118
Reduction of Scientific Uncertainty for Managerial Decisions	p. 120
Conclusions: Towards a New Scientific Social Contract	p. 121
Acknowledgements	p. 123
References	p. 124
The Implications of Oceanographic Chaos for Coastal Management	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Water Currents	p. 130
Suspended Sediment and Plankton	p. 132
Turbidity and Seagrass	p. 133
Coral, Fish and Prawn Larvae	p. 134
Water Quality	p. 136
River Plumes	p. 137
Discussions	p. 137
Conclusions	p. 139
Acknowledgements	p. 139
References	p. 140
Regional Practice and Experiences	p. 143
Quality Status, Appropriate Monitoring and Legislation of the North Sea in Relation to its Assimilative Capacity	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
The North Sea	p. 146
Inputs and Outputs of Contaminants	p. 146
Perceptions of the Health of the North Sea	p. 150
Assimilative Capacity	p. 151
Definitions	p. 152
Quantification	p. 153
For Individual Contaminants	p. 156
A Resource of Economic Value	p. 158
Chemical Versus Biological Monitoring of Assimilative Capacity	p. 160
Chemical Monitoring	p. 160
Biological Monitoring	p. 162
An Integrated Approach to Monitoring	p. 165
Environmentally Significant Pollutants	p. 168
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	p. 168
Organotins	p. 169
Biological Evidence for Pollution Gradients in the North Sea	p. 170
Gradients Related to Oil Rigs	p. 170
Estuarine Inputs	p. 171
Fish Embryo Abnormalities	p. 173
UK East Coast Gradient	p. 175
Biological and Ecological Quality Standards	p. 177
Conclusions	p. 178
Acknowledgements	p. 178
References	p. 179
Conservation and Management of Latin American Mangroves	p. 183
Man and Mangroves in Pre-Columbian and Colonial America	p. 183
Extent, Distribution and Composition of New World Mangroves	p. 185
Mangrove Uses	p. 188
Management of Mangrove Areas	p. 190
Acknowledgements	p. 192
References	p. 193
Developing and Strategy for an ICZM in Cuba: Bases and Principles	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
Coastal Ecosystems and their Main Problems	p. 196
General Characteristics of the Cuban Platform	p. 196
Main Coastal Ecosystems in Cuba	p. 196
Coastal Protection: Precedents and Current Situation	p. 200
Protection of Fisheries Resources	p. 200
Scientific Research in Coastal Areas	p. 201
Territorial Planning	p. 202
Coastal Rehabilitation	p. 202
Strengthening of the Institutional Basis	p. 203
Improvement of the Legal Framework	p. 203
International Activity	p. 205
Facing the Climatic Changes	p. 205
Final Objectives and Actions	p. 206
Conclusions	p. 208
References	p. 208
Coastal Zone Management in India - Problems, Practice and Requirements	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Indian Coastal Environment	p. 211
Coastal Zone Problems in India	p. 212
Population Pressure	p. 212
Coastal Pollution	p. 213
Coastal Environmental Degradation	p. 215
Coastal Fisheries	p. 216
Coastal Erosion	p. 216
Conflicting Uses	p. 216
Natural Hazards	p. 217
Coastal Zone Management Initiatives in India	p. 217
International Legal Instruments	p. 217
National Legal Instruments	p. 217
Coastal Regulation Zone Rule	p. 218
Conservation Measures	p. 220
Gulf of Mannar (Tamilnadu)	p. 220
Gulf of Kuchch (Gujarat)	p. 221
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	p. 221
Fisheries Management	p. 222
Research and Development Programmes	p. 222
Requirements in India	p. 223
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan	p. 223
An Agency for ICZM	p. 224
Conclusions	p. 224
References	p. 225
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Indonesia	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Status of Coastal Environment	p. 227
Coastal Zone Problems in Indonesia	p. 228
Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Indonesia	p. 229
Conclusions	p. 232
References	p. 232
Coastal Zone Management: Issues and Initiatives in Small South Asian Nations	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Human Activities in the Coastal Zone	p. 236
Coastal Zone Management in Bangladesh	p. 237
Mangroves	p. 238
Coral Reefs and Seagrass Ecosystems	p. 238
Threats to the Coastal Environments	p. 239
State Initiatives and Legislation	p. 242
Coastal Zone Management in Maldives	p. 243
Marine Resources and Exploitation	p. 243
Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments	p. 243
Coastal Area Management Initiatives	p. 245
Coastal Zone Management in Sri Lanka	p. 246
Coastal Marine Habitats	p. 246
Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments	p. 248
Coastal Area Management Initiatives	p. 250
Summary and Conclusions	p. 251
References	p. 253
Case Studies	p. 255
Tourist Development in the Costa Brava (Girona, Spain): A Quantification of Pressures on the Coastal Environment	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
The Development of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava	p. 258
Environmental Impacts of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava	p. 261
Environmental Pollution	p. 261
Preservation of the Natural Heritage (Exploitation of Natural Resources)	p. 264
Preservation of the Natural Heritage (Physical occupation of the Territory)	p. 270
The Management Framework	p. 272
Concluding Remarks: The Need of a More Integrated Approach	p. 274
Acknowledgements	p. 276
References	p. 276
Australian Integrated Coastal Management: A Case Study of the Great Barrier Reef	p. 279
Introduction	p. 279
Australia's National Coastal Zone Inquiry, 1993	p. 281
Commonwealth (of Australia) Coastal Policy, 1995	p. 282
The Great Barrier Reef	p. 283
Management of the Great Barrier Reef	p. 289
How Integrated is the Management of the Great Barrier Reef?	p. 293
References	p. 296
Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Venezuela: The Maracaibo System	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
General Description	p. 300
Population Growth	p. 301
Water Diversion and Impoundment	p. 302
Pesticides and Industrial Wastes :	p. 303
Fisheries	p. 303
Navigation	p. 305
Oil Exploitation and Petrochemical Industries	p. 305
Engineering Works	p. 306
International Frame	p. 307
The Nissos Amorgos Oil Spill	p. 308
Outlook	p. 309
Acknowledgements	p. 310
References	p. 310
Sustainable Developmental Planning in Ecologically Sensitive Dahanu Region on the West Coast of India	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Dahanu Region - Pressure, Response and Consequences	p. 314
Land Use Changes	p. 314
Changes in Aquatic Ecosystem	p. 316
Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 316
Dahanu Regional Plan	p. 318
Protection and Preservation of Ecology	p. 318
Management of Tokyo Bay	p. 323
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Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management

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