Photonics

Linear and Nonlinear Interactions of Laser Light and Matter

By: Ralf Menzel

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Hardcover | 31 July 2007 | Edition Number 2

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Since the invention of the laser in 1960 there has been an enormous increase in the number of applications of this newly available light and its spectacular properties, and there is no end to this development in sight. In many ?elds of science, technology and medicine laser photons are the driving force of progress. In the near future we will probably experience a further rapid - velopment in this ?eld as a result of the widespread industrial production of semiconductor diode lasers and new nonlinear optical materials. Light from the new lasers may become even cheaper than that from light bulbs. Thus, laser optic devices will in?uence all sectors of private and public life. Thehighpower, highbrightness, narrowbandwidth, goodcoherence, s- cial polarization and/or short pulses of laser light beams enable new appli- tions. Many of these processes will be based on nonlinear optical interactions of the laser light with suitable optical material. In these interactions the - terial is modi?ed by the incident light. The light is then in turn modi?ed by the modi?ed matter. Finally, the nonlinear modi?cation of light as a function of other light becomes possible. Light is modi?ed by light. To use laser light in this sense in science, technology and medicine, kn- ledge from di?erent ?elds of physics, chemistry and engineering is necess

Industry Reviews

From the reviews of the second edition: "Menzel covers a narrower subject area in greater depth. We are treated to a comprehensive discussion of linear and nonlinear interactions between light and matter with more of the mathematics than some others offer. ! the bibliography that extends over four hundred pages with 67 books for further reading, and more than 6000 references! This is a very nice book for specialists at the post-graduate level and beyond." (Barry Luther-Davis, Australian Physics, Vol. 45 (1), 2008)

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Topics in Photonics	p. 1
What Does Photonics Mean?	p. 1
Photonics and Light Technology	p. 2
Scientific Topics	p. 3
Technical Topics	p. 5
Applications	p. 6
Costs of Photons	p. 8
Properties and Description of Light	p. 11
Properties of Photons	p. 11
Energy, Frequency, Wavelength, Moments, Mass, Timing	p. 11
Uncertainty Principle for Photons	p. 14
Uncertainty of Position and Momentum	p. 14
Uncertainty of Energy and Time	p. 15
Properties of a Light Beam	p. 16
Plane Waves Monochromatic Light	p. 18
Space- and Time Dependent Wave Equation	p. 18
Complex Representation	p. 21
Intensity and Energy Density as a Function of the Electric Field	p. 22
Uncertainty of Field Strengths	p. 22
Geometrical Optics	p. 23
Preconditions: Fresnel Number	p. 23
Theoretical Description	p. 23
Ray Characteristics	p. 25
Ray Propagation with Ray Matrices	p. 26
Gaussian Beams	p. 27
Preconditions	p. 27
Definition and Theoretical Description	p. 27
Beam Characteristics and Parameter	p. 28
Rayleigh Length zr	p. 29
Beam Radius w(z)	p. 29
Wave Front Radius R(z)	p. 30
Divergence Angle ¿	p. 31
Complex Beam Parameter q(z)	p. 31
Beam Propagation with Ray-Matrices	p. 32
Determination of w₀ and z₀	p. 33
How to Use the Formalism	p. 33
Ray Matrices	p. 34
Deriving Ray Matrices	p. 34
Ray Matrices of Some Optical Elements	p. 35
Light Passing Through Many Optical Elements	p. 39
Examples	p. 40
Focusing with a Lens in Ray Optics	p. 40
Focusing a Gaussian Beam with a Lens	p. 41
Imaging with Two Lenses	p. 42
Focal Length of Thin Spherical Lenses	p. 42
Describing Light Polarization	p. 43
Jones Vectors Characterizing Polarized Light	p. 43
Jones Matrices of Some Optical Components	p. 46
Stokes Vectors Characterizing Partially Polarized Light	p. 48
Mueller Matrices of Some Optical Components	p. 50
Using the Formalism	p. 51
Light Characteristics	p. 51
Power, Energy and Number of Photons	p. 52
Average and Peak Power of a Light Pulse	p. 52
Intensity and Beam Radius	p. 54
Divergence	p. 57
Beam Parameter Product Beam Quality	p. 59
Brightness	p. 61
Brilliance	p. 61
Radiation Pressure and Optical Levitation	p. 61
Statistical Properties of Photon Fields	p. 62
Uncertainty of Photon Number and Phase	p. 63
Description by Elementary Beams	p. 63
Fluctuations of the Electric Field	p. 65
Squeezed Light	p. 65
Zero Point Energy and Vacuum Polarization	p. 66
Interference and Coherence of Light	p. 67
General Aspects	p. 67
Coherence of Light	p. 68
Coherence Length	p. 68
Coherence Time	p. 69
Lateral Coherence	p. 71
Two-Beam Interference	p. 72
Superposition of Two Vertical Polarized Light Beams	p. 74
One-Dimensional Multibeam Interference	p. 76
Fabry-Perot Interferometer	p. 77
Light Beats: Heterodyne Technique	p. 82
Frequency Spectrum of Light Pulses	p. 83
Linear Interactions Between Light and Matter	p. 85
General Description	p. 85
Refraction and Dispersion	p. 89
Absorption and Emission	p. 92
Theoretical Description of Absorption and Emission	p. 92
Properties of Stimulated Emission	p. 98
Spontaneous Emission	p. 98
Radiationless Transitions	p. 100
Measurement of Absorption	p. 101
Lambert-Beer Law	p. 101
Cross-Section and Extinction Coefficient	p. 102
Absorption Spectra of Some Optical Materials and Filters	p. 103
Polarization in Refraction and Reflection (Fresnel's Formula)	p. 104
Fresnel's Formula	p. 105
General Formula	p. 105
Transition into Optically Denser Medium	p. 107
Transition into Optical Thinner Medium	p. 109
Brewster's Law	p. 111
Total Reflection	p. 111
Relation Between Reflection, Absorption and Refraction	p. 113
Birefringence	p. 114
Optical Activity (Polarization Rotation)	p. 118
Diffraction	p. 119
General Description: Fresnel's Diffraction Integral	p. 120
Far-Field Pattern: Fraunhofer Diffraction Integral	p. 121
Diffraction in First-Order Systems: Collins Integral	p. 121
Diffraction at a One-Dimensional Slit	p. 122
Diffraction at a Two-Dimensional Slit	p. 124
Diffraction at a Circular Aperture	p. 126
Diffraction at Small Objects (Babinet's Theorem)	p. 128
Spot Size of Foci and Resolution of Optical Images	p. 128
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)	p. 129
Diffraction at a Double-Slit	p. 130
Diffraction at One-Dimensional Slit Gratings	p. 131
Diffraction at a Chain of Small Objects	p. 132
Diffraction at Two-Dimensional Gratings	p. 133
Diffraction at Three-Dimensional Gratings	p. 135
Bragg Reflection	p. 135
Amplitude and Phase Gratings	p. 136
Diffraction at Optically Thin and Thick Gratings	p. 138
Light Scattering Processes	p. 142
Rayleigh and Rayleigh Wing Scattering	p. 142
Mie Scattering	p. 144
Brillouin Scattering	p. 145
Raman Scattering	p. 147
Optical Materials	p. 149
Nonlinear Interactions of Light and Matter Without Absorption	p. 151
General Classification	p. 152
Nonresonant Interactions	p. 153
Nonlinear Polarization of the Medium	p. 156
Second-Order Effects	p. 158
Generation of the Second Harmonic	p. 158
Phase Matching	p. 160
Phase Matching for Second Harmonic Generation	p. 161
Dispersion of Crystals: Sellmeier Coefficients	p. 164
Walk-Off Angle	p. 165
Focusing and Crystal Length	p. 166
Type I and Type II Phase Matching	p. 166
Quasi-Phase Matching (qpm)	p. 167
Frequency Mixing of Two Monochromatic Fields	p. 168
Parametric Amplifiers and Oscillators	p. 169
Pockels' Effect	p. 172
Electro-Optical Beam Deflection	p. 176
Optical Rectification	p. 177
Third-Order Effects	p. 179
Generation of the Third Harmonic	p. 180
Kerr Effect	p. 181
Self-Focusing	p. 184
Spatial Solitons	p. 186
Self-Diffraction	p. 188
Self-Focusing in Weakly Absorbing Samples	p. 189
Self-Phase Modulation	p. 189
Generation of Temporal Solitons: Soliton Pulses	p. 192
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)	p. 194
Stimulated Thermal Brillouin Scattering (STBS)	p. 204
Stimulated Rayleigh (SRLS) and Thermal Rayleigh (STRS) Scattering	p. 206
Stimulated Rayleigh Wing (SRWS) Scattering	p. 207
Stimulated Raman Techniques	p. 210
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)	p. 210
Inverse Raman Spectroscopy (IRS)	p. 215
Stimulated Raman Gain Spectroscopy (SRGS)	p. 216
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)	p. 216
BOX CARS	p. 218
Optical Phase Conjugation via Stimulated Scattering	p. 219
Higher-Order Nonlinear Effects	p. 227
Materials for Nonresonant Nonlinear Interactions	p. 228
Inorganic Crystals	p. 228
Organic Materials	p. 229
Liquids	p. 229
Liquid Crystals	p. 230
Gases	p. 230
Nonlinear Interactions of Light and Matter with Absorption	p. 231
General Remarks	p. 231
Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Broadening	p. 232
Incoherent Interaction	p. 235
Bleaching	p. 236
Transient Absorption: Excited State Absorption (ESA)	p. 238
Nonlinear Transmission	p. 239
Stimulated Emission: Superradiance: Laser Action	p. 241
Spectral Hole Burning	p. 242
Description with Rate Equations	p. 243
Basic Equations	p. 243
Stationary Solutions of Rate Equations	p. 246
Stationary Two-Level Model	p. 247
Stationary Four-Level Model	p. 249
Stationary Model with Two Absorptions	p. 251
General Stationary Models	p. 253
Numerical Solution	p. 254
Considering Spectral Hole Burning with Rate Equations	p. 257
Coherent Light Fields	p. 259
Induced Transmission and Excited State Absorption Gratings	p. 261
Induced Inversion Gratings	p. 262
Spatial Hole Burning	p. 263
Induced Grating Spectroscopy	p. 264
Coherent Resonant Interaction	p. 265
Dephasing Time T₂	p. 265
Density MatrixFormalism	p. 266
Modeling Two-Level Scheme	p. 270
Feynman Diagrams for Nonlinear Optics	p. 275
Damped Rabi Oscillation and Optical Nutation	p. 278
Quantum Beat Spectroscopy	p. 280
Photon Echoes	p. 281
Self-Induced Transparency: ¿ Pulses	p. 284
Superradiance (Superfluorescence)	p. 285
Amplification Without Inversion	p. 286
Two-Photon and Multiphoton Absorption	p. 287
Photoionization and Optical Breakdown (OBD)	p. 291
Optical Damage	p. 293
Laser Material Processing	p. 295
Combined Interactions with Diffraction and Absorption Changes	p. 297
Induced Amplitude and Phase Gratings	p. 297
Four-Wave Mixing (FWM)	p. 300
Optical Bistability	p. 306
Materials in Resonant Nonlinear Optics	p. 309
Organic Molecules	p. 309
Structure and Optical Properties	p. 310
Preparation of the Samples	p. 318
Anorganic Crystals	p. 319
Photorefractive Materials	p. 319
Semiconductors	p. 321
Nanometer Structures	p. 321
Lasers	p. 325
Principle	p. 325
Active Materials: Three- and Four-Level Schemes - Gain	p. 327
Pump Mechanism: Quantum Defect and Efficiency	p. 329
Pumping by Other Lasers	p. 331
Electrical Pumping in Diode Lasers	p. 337
Electrical Discharge Pumping	p. 339
Lamp Pumping	p. 341
Chemical Pumping	p. 342
Efficiencies	p. 343
Side-Effects from the Pumped Active Material	p. 345
Thermal Lensing	p. 345
Thermally Induced Birefringence	p. 348
Thermal Stress Fracture Limit	p. 351
Laser Resonators	p. 352
Stable Resonators: Resonator Modes	p. 352
Unstable Resonators	p. 353
Transversal Modes of Laser Resonators	p. 354
Fundamental Mode	p. 354
Empty Resonator	p. 355
g Parameter and g Diagram	p. 357
Selected Stable Empty Resonators	p. 358
Higher Transversal Modes	p. 362
Circular Eigenmodes or Gauss-Laguerre Modes	p. 363
Rectangular or Gauss-Hermite Modes	p. 364
Hybrid or Donut Modes	p. 370
Beam Radii of Higher Transversal Modes and Power Content	p. 370
Beam Divergence of Higher Transversal Modes	p. 373
Beam Quality of Higher Transversal Modes	p. 374
Propagating Higher Transversal Modes	p. 374
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Linear and Nonlinear Interactions of Laser Light and Matter

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