Part I. Introduction to physical Activity Epidemiology
Chapter 1. Origins of Physical Activity Epidemiology
Ancient History of Physical Activity and Health
Modern History of Physical Activity and Health
Physical Activity for Health Promotion in the United States and the World
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Concepts and Methods in Physical Activity Epidemiology
Epidemiologic Measures
Crude, Specific, and Standardized Rates
Research Design in Epidemiologic Studies
Evaluating Associations in Epidemiologic Studies
Models in Physical Activity Epidemiology
Inferring Cause in Epidemiologic Studies
Criteria for Causation
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 3. Measurement and Surveillance of Physical Activity and Fitness
Why Is Behavioral Epidemiology Important?
What Is Physical Activity?
Measures of Physical Activity
What Is Physical Fitness?
Surveys and Surveillance of Physical Activity
Summary
Bibliography
Part II. Physical Activity and Disease Mortality
Chapter 4. All-Cause Mortality
Life Expectancy at Birth
Major Causes of Mortality
Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality
Sedentary Behavior and All-Cause Mortality
Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality
Changes in Physical Activity or Fitness and All-Cause Mortality
Are the Associations Real?
Strength of the Evidence
How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Risk of Premature Mortality?
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 5. Coronary Heart Disease
History and Magnitude of the Problem
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Coronary Heart Disease Etiology
Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease
Sedentary Behavior and Coronary Heart Disease Risk
Physical Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk
Individuals With Other Risk Factors or Existing Coronary Heart Disease
Physical Inactivity Compared With Other Risk Factors
Are the Associations Real?
Strength of the Evidence
How Much Physical Activity Is Needed to Decrease Coronary Heart Disease Risk?
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 6. Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke
Magnitude of the Problem
Risk Factors for Stroke
Etiology of Stroke
Physical Activity and Stroke Risk: The Evidence
Strength of the Evidence
Summary
Bibliography
Part III. Physical Activity and Risk Factors
Chapter 7. Physical Activity and Hypertension
Magnitude of the Problem
Treating Hypertension
Hypertension Etiology
Autonomic Nervous System
Physical Activity and Reduced Hypertension Risk: The Evidence
Physical Activity and Treatment of Hypertension: The Evidence
Strength of the Evidence
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 8. Physical Activity and Dyslipidemia
Magnitude of the Problem
Drug Treatment
Dyslipidemia Etiology and Physical Activity
Physical Activity and Lipoprotein Levels: The Evidence
Strength of the Evidence
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 9. Physical Activity and Obesity
Magnitude of the Problem
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity
Assessing and Defining Overweight and Obesity
Etiology of Overweight and Obesity: Set Point or Settling Point?
Physical Activity and Fitness and the Health Risks of Obesity: The Evidence
Physical Activity and Prevention of Excess Weight Gain: The Evidence
Physical Activity and Weight Loss: The Evidence
Physical Activity and Weight Maintenance: The Evidence
The Ultimate Goal: Weight Loss or Risk Reduction?
Summary
Bibliography
Part IV. Physical Activity and Chronic Diseases
Chapter 10. Physical Activity and Diabetes
Magnitude of the Problem
Demographics of Diabetes
Clinical Features
Health Burden of Diabetes
Risk Factors
Insulin and Glucose Transport
Etiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Effects of Physical Activity on Diabetes Risk: The Evidence
Strength of the Evidence
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 11. Physical Activity and Osteoporosis
Magnitude of the Problem
Fractures and Mortality
Etiology of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
Risk Factors and Prevention
Bone Measurement Techniques
Physical Activity and Osteoporosis: The Evidence
Strength of the Evidence
Summary
Bibliography
Part V. Physical Activity, Cancer, and Immunity
Chapter 12. Physical Activity and Cancer
Magnitude of the Problem
Etiology of Cancer
Risk Factors
Population Studies of Physical Activity: Specificity of Protection?
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Other Cancers
Physical Activity and Cancer Survivors
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 13. Physical Activity and the Immune System
An Abridged History of Immunology
HIV and AIDS
The Immune System
Immunomodulation by the Nervous and Endocrine System
Physical Activity and Immunity: The Evidence
Mechanisms of Alterations in Monocytes, Granulocytes, and Natural Killer Cells After Acute Exercise
Exercise and Cytokines
Summary
Bibliography
Part VI. Physical Activity and Special Concerns
Chapter 14. Physical Activity and Mental Health
Depression
Magnitude of the Problem
Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Etiology of Depression
Brain Neurobiology in Depression
Treatment of Depression
Physical Activity and Depression: The Evidence
Anxiety Disorders
Magnitude of the Problem
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
Brain Neurobiology in Anxiety Disorders
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Physical Activity and Anxiety: The Evidence
Cognitive Function and Dementia
Physical Activity and Cognitive Function: The Evidence
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 15. Physical Activity and Special Populations
Physical Activity Among Diverse Racial–Ethnic Populations
Physical Activity and Disability
Inactivity and Aging
Physical Activity and Long-Term Health Amoung People With Disabilities
Role of Physical Activity in the Prevention of Secondary Complications
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 16. Adverse Events and Hazards of Physical Activity
Magnitude of the Problem
Evaluating Risk
Methods of Research
Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death
Joint and Muscle Injury
Injury Features
Risk of Physical Activity Injuries: The Evidence
Other Medical Hazards
Psychological Hazards
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 17. Adopting and Maintaining a Physically Active Lifestyle
Individual Barriers to Physical Activity
How Do People Decide to Be Active?
Environmental Barriers to Physical Activity
Genetics of Physical Activity
Environmental Intervention and Self-Regulation
Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions
Interventions to Increase Physical Activity
Mediators and Moderators of Physical Activity Change and Interventions
Features of Physical Activity That Promote Adoption and Maintenance
Summary
Bibliography
