Physics of Nuclear Radiations

Physics Preliminaries Conservation Laws Basics of Relativity Energetics of Photons Energetics of Matter Matter Waves Questions Endnotes Radioactivity Introduction Natural Radioactivity Radioactive Secular Equilibrium Growth and Decay of Radioactivity Age Determination-An Application Questions Endnotes Nuclear Energetics Introduction Q-Value of Nuclear Processes Beta Decay Q-Values for Populating Excited Levels Q-Values of Artificial Transmutation Separation Energies Questions Endnotes Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter Introduction Bethe Stopping Power Formula Range of Charged Particles Bragg Peak Range of a Particles Range of Particles in Mixtures and Compounds Energy Loss of Electrons by Ionization Endnotes Interactions of Photons and Electrons in Matter Introduction Radiation Length Photon Energy and Material Dependence of Attenuation Coefficients Photon Energy Loss Mechanisms Bragg's Additive Rule Electron Interactions Bremsstrahlung Radiation Length Cherenkov Radiation Transition Radiation Questions Endnotes Interactions of Neutrons with Matter Introduction Nuclear Fission Macroscopic Cross Section Neutron Multiplication in Bulk Matter Questions Endnotes Basics of Radiation Dosimetry Introduction Biological Considerations Working Level Month Specific Gamma Ray Constant Endnotes Radiation Sources Background Production of Electromagnetic Radiation Ion Beam Accelerators Electrostatic Accelerators Alternating Current Accelerators Linear Accelerators Cyclotron Microtron Synchrotron Collider Machines Questions Endnotes Nuclear Radiation Detectors Introduction Cloud Chambers and Bubble Chambers Gas Detectors Multi-Wire Chambers Semiconductor Solid State Detectors Scintillation Counters Cherenkov Detectors Photosensors Measurement Techniques Intensity Measurements Energy Spectroscopy Coincidence Measurements for Energy Spectroscopy Timing Spectroscopy Particle Identification by Time of Flight Emission Nuclear Techniques-A Few Applications Introduction Applications in Medicine Radiation Therapy Trace Element Analyses Appendix A: Radioactive Decays Appendix B: Energetics Appendix C: Cross Sections Appendix D: Physics of Semiconductor Detectors Appendix E: Websites Appendix F: Glossary Index