Preface | p. ix |
About the Authors | p. xi |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Background | p. 1 |
Plasma Generation in Nature and in the Laboratory | p. 1 |
Needs for Plasma Water Treatment | p. 4 |
Conventional Water Treatment Technologies | p. 6 |
Chlorination | p. 6 |
In-Line Filters | p. 7 |
Pulsed Electric Field | p. 7 |
Ultraviolet Radiation | p. 7 |
Ozonation | p. 8 |
Plasma in Liquids | p. 10 |
Mechanisms of Plasma Discharges in Liquids | p. 12 |
Application of Plasma Discharges in Water | p. 13 |
Generation of Plasma in Liquid | p. 15 |
Introduction | p. 15 |
Partial and Full Discharges in Liquid | p. 15 |
Thermal Breakdown Mechanism | p. 16 |
Production of Reactive Species, UV, and Shock Wave by Electrical Discharges in Liquid | p. 21 |
Underwater Plasma Sources | p. 24 |
Direct Discharges in Liquid | p. 24 |
Bubble Discharges in Liquid | p. 29 |
Bubble and Electronic Initiation Mechanism | p. 33 |
Introduction | p. 33 |
Electrical Breakdown in Gas Phase | p. 33 |
The Townsend Breakdown Mechanism | p. 33 |
Spark Breakdown Mechanism | p. 37 |
Electron Avalanche for Electrical Breakdown in Liquid Phase | p. 40 |
Dense Gas Approximation | p. 41 |
Semiconductor Approximation | p. 42 |
"Bubble Theory" for Electric Breakdown in Liquid | p. 44 |
Bubble Formation: Interface Processes | p. 44 |
Bubble Formation: Joule Heating | p. 46 |
Bubble Formation: Preexisting Bubbles | p. 46 |
Streamer Propagation | p. 47 |
Electrostatic Model | p. 47 |
Thermal Mechanism | p. 53 |
Stability Analysis of the Streamers | p. 57 |
Electrostatic Pressure | p. 58 |
Surface Tension | p. 59 |
Hydrodynamic Pressure | p. 60 |
Nanosecond and Subnanosecond Discharge in Water | p. 62 |
Fast Imaging of Nanosecond and Subnanosecond Discharge in Water | p. 62 |
Ionization of Liquid by E-Impact | p. 66 |
Chance of Voids Formation | p. 68 |
Decontamination of Volatile Organic Compounds | p. 71 |
Introduction | p. 71 |
Conventional Technologies | p. 72 |
Mechanism of Plasma Treatment of VOCs | p. 74 |
Decomposition of Methanol and Ethanol | p. 75 |
Decomposition of Aromatic Compounds | p. 78 |
Decomposition of Chlorine-Containing Compounds | p. 80 |
Decoloration of Dyes in Wastewater | p. 83 |
Decomposition of Freons (Chlorofluorocarbons) | p. 85 |
Clearting of SO2 with Nonthermal Plasma | p. 86 |
Acidic Water Case (pH < 6.5) | p. 87 |
Neutral and Basic Water Cases (pH > 6.5) | p. 88 |
Biological Applications | p. 91 |
Plasma Water Sterilization | p. 91 |
Previous Studies of Plasma Water Sterilization | p. 91 |
New Developments in Plasma Water Sterilization | p. 93 |
Point-to-Plane Electrode Configuration | p. 93 |
Magnetic Gliding Arc Configuration | p. 96 |
Elongated Spark Configuration | p. 99 |
Plasma Species and Factors for Sterilization | p. 100 |
Comparison of Different Plasma Discharges for Water Sterilization | p. 104 |
Blood Treatment Using Nonthermal Plasma | p. 105 |
In Vitro Blood Coagulation Using Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma | p. 106 |
In Vivo Blood Coagulation Using DBD Plasma | p. 107 |
Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation Using Nonthermal Plasma | p. 108 |
Cooling Water Treatment Using Plasma | p. 111 |
Introduction | p. 111 |
Self-Cleaning Filtration Technology with Spark Discharge | p. 114 |
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation with Spark Discharge | p. 119 |
Effect of Plasma on Cooling Water | p. 123 |
Effect of Spray Circulation on Hardness of Cooling Water | p. 132 |
Mechanism of Plasma-Induced Calcium Precipitation | p. 132 |
Effect of Electrolysis | p. 132 |
Effect of UV Radiation | p. 134 |
Effect of Reactive Species | p. 135 |
Effect of Microheating | p. 136 |
Nonthermal Effect of Plasma | p. 139 |
Discussions of Calcium Precipitation with Plasma | p. 143 |
Economic Analysis of Plasma Water Treatment | p. 144 |
Application for Mineral Fouling Mitigation in Heat Exchangers | p. 145 |
Fouling Resistance: Validation Study | p. 148 |
Visualization of the Calcium Carbonate Particles | p. 154 |
Cycle of Concentration | p. 158 |
References | p. 161 |
Index | p. 177 |
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