Power Electronic Converters

1 Introduction and Presentation.- 1.1 Types of Inverters: Principles.- 1.1.1 Voltage-Source Inverters.- 1.1.2 Current-Source Inverters.- 1.1.3 Resonant Load Inverters.- 1.2 Types of Semiconductor Devices. Supply and Load Imperfections. Filters.- 1.2.1 Types of Semiconductor Devices.- 1.2.2 DC-Supply Imperfection. Input Filter.- 1.2.3 AC-Load Imperfection. Output Filter.- 1.2.4 Remarks on Reversibility.- 1.3 Principal Applications. Consequences on the Study.- 1.3.1 Constant Frequency and Voltage Supplies.- 1.3.2 Speed Variation of AC-Current Motors.- 1.3.3 Load-Resonant Inverter Applications.- 2 Voltage-Source Inverters with One Square-Pulse per Half-Cycle.- 2.1 Single-Phase Inverter with Centre-Tapped Transformer.- 2.1.1 Principle.- 2.1.2 Characteristics.- 2.2 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter.- 2.2.1 Principle.- 2.2.2 Characteristics.- 2.3 Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter.- 2.3.1 Principle.- 2.3.2 Characteristics.- 2.3.3 Comparison of the Three Single-Phase Voltage-Source Inverters.- 2.4 Three-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter.- 2.4.1 Balanced Mode Operation.- 2.4.2 Balanced Operation Characteristics.- 2.4.3 Delta-Connected AC Load.- 2.4.4 Operation with an Unbalanced Load.- 2.5 Input Filter.- 2.5.1 Input Current and Output Voltage Harmonics.- 2.5.2 Application to the Different Inverters.- 2.5.3 Remark Concerning the Use of the Half-Bridge Inverter Divider as an Input Filter Element.- 2.6 Output Filter.- 2.6.1 General Equations.- 2.6.2 Effects of the Filter on the Fundamental.- 2.6.3 Effects of the Filter on the Harmonics.- 2.6.4 Choosing L and C.- 2.6.5 Notes on Other Filters.- 2.6.6 Notes on Variable Frequency-Supplied Loads.- 3 Pulse-Width-Modulated Voltage-Source Inverters.- 3.1 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter.- 3.1.1 "Switch" Control. Waveforms.- 3.1.2 Output Voltage.- 3.1.3 Currents.- 3.1.4 Remarks on Control Phase Lock and on Asynchronous Modulation.- 3.2 Three-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter.- 3.2.1 "Switch" Control. Waveforms.- 3.2.2 Sinusoidal Reference.- 3.2.3 Injection of Harmonic 3 into the Reference.- 3.2.4 Other Modifications of the Control Law.- 3.3 Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter.- 3.3.1 "Switch" Control. Waveforms.- 3.3.2 Study of the Output Voltage.- 3.3.3 Study of the Currents.- 3.3.4 Digital Reference.- 3.4 Computed Modulation.- 3.4.1 Characterising the Output Voltage.- 3.4.2 Eliminating the First Harmonics of the Output Voltage.- 3.4.3 Minimising the Weighted Harmonic Rate.- 3.4.4 Control of the Full-Bridge Inverter by Shifting the Voltage of the Two Half-Bridges.- 4 Commutations in Voltage-Source Inverters.- 4.1 Commutation of the Bipolar Transistor in Full-Wave Inverters.- 4.1.1 Commutation Process with RC Snubber.- 4.1.2 Computing the Losses.- 4.2 Commutations of the Bipolar Transistor in PWM Inverters.- 4.2.1 Commutation at Turn-On.- 4.2.2 Commutation at Turn-Off.- 4.2.3 Power Dissipated in the Resistances.- 4.2.4 Remarks on Reverse Conduction in the Transistor.- 4.3 GTO Thyristor Commutations.- 4.3.1 Commutation at Turn-On.- 4.3.2 Commutation at Turn-Off.- 4.3.3 Power Dissipated in the Resistance.- 4.4 Field Effect Transistor Commutations.- 4.4.1 ON-Commutation.- 4.4.2 OFF-Commutation.- 5 Current-Source Inverters.- 5.1 Single-Phase Inverters.- 5.1.1 Inverters with a Centre-Tapped Transformer.- 5.1.2 Full-Bridge Inverter with One Square-Wave Pulse per Alternance.- 5.1.3 PWM-Controlled Full-Bridge Inverter.- 5.1.4 Remarks on PWM Current-Source Inverters.- 5.2 Full-Bridge Three-Phase Inverter.- 5.2.1 Full-Wave Control.- 5.2.2 PWM Control with Sinusoidal Modulation.- 5.2.3 PWM Control with Computed Modulation.- 5.3 Feeding an Inductive Load.- 5.3.1 Thyristor Current-Source Inverter with Auxiliary Commutation Bridge.- 5.3.2 Self-Commuted Current-Source Inverter with Thyristors.- 5.3.3 GTO Current Inverter with Clamping Circuit.- 5.4 Notes on the Configurations with a Pulse Number Greater than 6.- 5.4.1 Configuration with Pulse Number Equal to 12.- 5.4.2 Configuration with Pulse Number Equal to 18.- 5.5 Notes on the Computation of the Current-Source Inverter Input Filter.- 6 Resonant Inverters.- 6.1 Series Resonant Inverter.- 6.1.1 Response of the Series Resonant Circuit to a Square-Wave Voltage.- 6.1.2 First Harmonic Method.- 6.1.3 Operation and Control of the Inverter.- 6.1.4 Characteristics.- 6.1.5 Starting. Protection.- 6.1.6 Variants.- 6.2 Parallel Resonant Inverter.- 6.2.1 Response of the Parallel Resonant Circuit to a Square-Wave Current.- 6.2.2 Inverter Operation and Control.- 6.2.3 Characteristics.- 6.2.4 Starting. Protection.- 6.2.5 Variants.- 6.3 Resonant Supplies.- 6.3.1 Supply with a Series Resonant Inverter.- 6.3.2 Supply with a Series-Parallel Resonant Inverter.- 6.3.3 Double Resonance Supplies.- Appendices.- Appendix A: Input Filter in Voltage-Source Inverters.- A.1 Inverters with Two "Switches" per Phase.- A.2 Full-Bridge Single-Phase Inverter.- Appendix B: "Sinusoidal" Voltage-Source Inverters.- B.1 Voltage Waveform.- B.2 Production of Optimized Waveforms.- B.3 Variation in the Output Voltage.- B.4 The most Usual Type of Configuration.- Appendix C: Forced Turn-Off of Thyristors in Voltage-Source Inverters.- C.1 Parallel Commutation by Oscillating Circuit.- C.2 Parallel Commutation by Capacitor.- C.3 Series Commutation.- Appendix D: PWM Rectifier.- D.1 The Structure.- D.2 The Converter Alone.- D.3 The Converter and its Input Filter.- D.4 The Converter with its Input and Output Filters.- Appendix E: Use of the Four-Quadrant Chopper as a PWM Rectifier.- E.1 "Switch" Control.- E.2 Current Harmonics Taken from the Supply.