Preface | p. v |
Model of a Taut Wire | p. 1 |
Deriving the PDE model | p. 1 |
Balance equation | p. 2 |
Boundary conditions | p. 2 |
Boundary conditions (in space) | p. 3 |
Initial conditions (boundary conditions in time) | p. 4 |
Anything else? | p. 5 |
The Method of Galerkin | p. 7 |
Residual of the balance equation | p. 7 |
Integral test of the residual | p. 8 |
Test function | p. 8 |
Trial function | p. 10 |
Manipulation of the residuals | p. 11 |
Stiffness and mass matrix | p. 13 |
Piecewise linear basis functions | p. 15 |
How are the Galerkin and Finite Element Methods Related | p. 17 |
Numerical quadrature | p. 18 |
Putting it together: system of ODE's | p. 21 |
Exercises | p. 22 |
Statics and Dynamics Examples for the Wire Model | p. 27 |
Statics | p. 28 |
Statics: uniform load | p. 28 |
Free vibration | p. 32 |
Integration of transient motion | p. 33 |
Using built-in Matlab solver | p. 34 |
Using the Trapezoidal integrator | p. 35 |
Exercises | p. 38 |
Boundary Conditions for the Model of a Taut Wire | p. 41 |
Mixed essential and natural boundary conditions | p. 42 |
Essential boundary conditions only | p. 43 |
Natural boundary conditions only | p. 43 |
Overspecified boundary conditions | p. 44 |
Model of Heat Conduction | p. 49 |
Balance equation | p. 49 |
Constitutive equation | p. 52 |
Boundary conditions | p. 53 |
On the sufficiency of boundary conditions | p. 54 |
Initial condition | p. 55 |
Summary of the PDE model of heat conduction | p. 56 |
Exercises | p. 56 |
Galerkin Method for the Model of Heat Conduction | p. 57 |
Weighted residual formulation | p. 57 |
Reducing the model dimension | p. 59 |
Test and trial functions: basis functions on triangulations | p. 61 |
Basis functions on the standard triangle | p. 63 |
Discretizing the weighted residual equation | p. 66 |
Derivatives of the basis functions; Jacobian | p. 70 |
Numerical integration | p. 74 |
Conductivity matrix | p. 76 |
Surface heat transfer matrix and load | p. 80 |
Exercises | p. 86 |
Steady-state Heat Conduction Solutions | p. 89 |
Steady-state heat conduction equation | p. 89 |
Thick-walled tube | p. 89 |
Orthotropic insert | p. 93 |
The T4 NAFEMS Benchmark | p. 96 |
Transient Heat Conduction Solutions | p. 101 |
Discretization in time for transient heat conduction | p. 101 |
The T3 NAFEMS Benchmark | p. 104 |
Transient cooling in a shrink-fitting application | p. 107 |
Expanding the Library of Element Types | p. 111 |
Quadratic triangle T6 | p. 112 |
Quadratic 1-D element L3 | p. 114 |
Point element P1 | p. 114 |
Integrating over n-dimensional domains | p. 115 |
Tetrahedron T4 | p. 120 |
Simplex elements | p. 122 |
Quadrilateral Q4 | p. 123 |
Hexahedron H8 | p. 124 |
Extracting the mesh boundary | p. 124 |
Exercises | p. 126 |
Discretization Error, Error Control, and Convergence | p. 129 |
Interpolation errors | p. 129 |
Interpolation error for temperature | p. 129 |
Interpolation error for temperature gradient | p. 132 |
Controlling the error; Convergence rate | p. 134 |
Richardson extrapolation | p. 136 |
The T4 NAFEMS Benchmark revisited | p. 138 |
Graded meshes | p. 139 |
Shrink fitting revisited | p. 139 |
Representing functions by interpolation | p. 141 |
Exercises | p. 143 |
Model of Elastodynamics | p. 145 |
Balance of linear momentum | p. 145 |
Stress | p. 147 |
Balance of angular momentum and stress symmetry. | p. 150 |
Local equilibrium | p. 152 |
Change of linear momentum | p. 152 |
Stress divergence | p. 152 |
All together now | p. 156 |
Strains and displacements | p. 156 |
Constitutive equation | p. 159 |
Boundary conditions | p. 161 |
Example: concrete dam | p. 161 |
Example: rigid punch | p. 162 |
Formal definition of the boundary conditions | p. 163 |
Inadmissible "concentrated" boundary conditions | p. 164 |
Symmetry and anti-symmetry | p. 166 |
Example: a pure-traction problem | p. 168 |
Example: shaft under torsion | p. 170 |
Example: overspecified boundary conditions | p. 172 |
Initial conditions | p. 172 |
Galerkin Formulation for Elastodynamics | p. 175 |
Manipulation of the residuals | p. 175 |
The first two steps | p. 175 |
Step 3: Preliminaries | p. 176 |
Step 3: The glorious conclusion | p. 177 |
Method of weighted residuals as the principle of virtual work | p. 179 |
Discretizing | p. 179 |
The trial function | p. 179 |
The test function | p. 181 |
Producing the requisite equations | p. 182 |
The discrete equations: system of ODE's | p. 184 |
Inertial term: Mass matrix | p. 185 |
Body loads and traction loads | p. 186 |
Resisting forces: Stiffness matrix | p. 186 |
Summary of the elastodynamics ODE's | p. 187 |
Constitutive equations of linearly elastic materials | p. 188 |
General anisotropic material | p. 188 |
Orthotropic material | p. 188 |
Transversely isotropic material | p. 189 |
Isotropic material | p. 190 |
Imposed (thermal) strains | p. 191 |
Strain-displacement matrix | p. 193 |
Transformation of basis | p. 194 |
Stiffness matrix | p. 197 |
Pure-traction problems and singular stiffness | p. 199 |
Exercises | p. 200 |
Finite Elements for True 3-D Problems | p. 201 |
Modal analysis with the tetrahedron T4: the drum | p. 201 |
Modal analysis with the tetrahedron T4: the composite rod | p. 204 |
Tetrahedron T10 | p. 207 |
Example: the drum revisited | p. 208 |
The composite rod with the tetrahedron T10 | p. 209 |
Static analysis with hexahedra H8 and H20 | p. 210 |
Hexahedron H8 | p. 210 |
Dilatational locking | p. 211 |
Shear locking | p. 214 |
Thin clamped square plate with concentrated load | p. 215 |
Quadratic element H20 | p. 216 |
Quadratic element Q8 | p. 220 |
Pinched cylinder | p. 221 |
Pinched sphere | p. 222 |
Beam deflection revisited | p. 223 |
Errors, validation, and verification | p. 224 |
Verification and Prediction | p. 226 |
Validation | p. 227 |
Errors | p. 227 |
Using modeling to make predictions | p. 227 |
Using benchmarks | p. 228 |
Exercises | p. 230 |
Analyzing the Stresses | p. 231 |
Singularities | p. 231 |
Interpretation of stresses | p. 234 |
Stress concentrations | p. 235 |
Plane Strain, Plane Stress, and Axisymmetric Models | p. 237 |
Plane strain model reduction | p. 237 |
Plane stress model reduction | p. 240 |
Model reduction for axial symmetry | p. 242 |
Material stiffness for two-dimensional models | p. 245 |
Strain-displacement matrices for two-dimensional models | p. 246 |
Integration for two-dimensional models | p. 247 |
Thermal strains in two-dimensional models | p. 249 |
Examples | p. 250 |
Thermal strains in a bimetallic assembly | p. 250 |
Orthotropic balloon | p. 254 |
Transient dynamic analysis | p. 257 |
Centered difference time stepping | p. 257 |
Example: stress wave propagation | p. 259 |
Exercises | p. 263 |
Consistency + Stability = Convergence | p. 265 |
Consistency | p. 265 |
Completeness | p. 265 |
Compatibility | p. 267 |
Stability | p. 268 |
Conclusion | p. 269 |
Exercises | p. 270 |
Bibliography | p. 271 |
Index | p. 273 |
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