| Symmetry | p. 1 |
| Model Surfaces | p. 1 |
| Surface Versus Bulk | p. 1 |
| The Surface as a Physical Object | p. 1 |
| Two-Dimensional Crystals | p. 3 |
| Lattice Planes of Bulk Crystals | p. 3 |
| Oriented Slabs | p. 8 |
| Ideal Surfaces. Planar Point Groups | p. 11 |
| Real Surfaces: Reconstruction and Relaxation | p. 16 |
| Superlattices at Surfaces | p. 19 |
| Wood Notation | p. 20 |
| Symmetry Classification | p. 25 |
| Reciprocal Space | p. 29 |
| Direct and Reciprocal Lattices | p. 29 |
| Brillouin Zones | p. 35 |
| Projection of 3D Onto 2D Brillouin Zones | p. 37 |
| Symmetry of Points and Lines in Reciprocal Space | p. 41 |
| Thermodynamics | p. 45 |
| Kinetic Processes and Surfaces in Equilibrium | p. 45 |
| Thermodynamic Relations for Surfaces | p. 46 |
| Thermodynamic Potentials | p. 46 |
| Surface Modification of Thermodynamic Potentials | p. 48 |
| Surface Tension and Surface Stress | p. 49 |
| Equilibrium Shape of Small Crystals | p. 51 |
| Anisotropy of Surface Energy | p. 51 |
| Absolute Values for Surface Energies | p. 55 |
| Wulff Construction | p. 57 |
| Surface Energy and Morphology | p. 59 |
| Facetting and Roughening | p. 59 |
| 3D Versus 2D Growth | p. 60 |
| Formation of Quantum Dots | p. 63 |
| Stoichiometry Dependence | p. 66 |
| Thermodynamic Approach | p. 66 |
| Approximations for Surface Energies | p. 67 |
| Chemical Potentials | p. 69 |
| Phase Diagrams | p. 74 |
| Stability of Adsorbates | p. 78 |
| Bonding and Energetics | p. 81 |
| Orbitals and Bonding | p. 81 |
| One-Electron Picture | p. 81 |
| Tight-Binding Approach | p. 82 |
| Atomic Orbitals and Their Interaction | p. 85 |
| Bonding Hybrids | p. 89 |
| Bonds and Bands | p. 94 |
| Dangling Bonds | p. 97 |
| Formation of Dangling Hybrids | p. 97 |
| Influence on Electronic States | p. 98 |
| Total Energy and Atomic Forces | p. 102 |
| Basic Approximations | p. 102 |
| Potential Energy Surface and Forces | p. 103 |
| Surface Diffusion | p. 105 |
| Quantitative Description of Structure and Stability | p. 109 |
| Density Functional Theory | p. 109 |
| Band-Structure and Interaction Contributions | p. 112 |
| Modeling of Surfaces | p. 114 |
| Bond Breaking: Accompanying Charge Transfers and Atomic Displacements | p. 122 |
| Characteristic Changes in Total Energy | p. 122 |
| Energy Gain Due to Structural and Configurational Changes | p. 125 |
| Energy Gain and Electron Transfer | p. 129 |
| Reconstruction Elements | p. 133 |
| Reconstruction and Bonding | p. 133 |
| Metallic Bonds | p. 133 |
| Strong Ionic Bonds | p. 135 |
| Mixed Covalent and Ionic Bonds | p. 136 |
| Principles of Semiconductor Surface Reconstruction | p. 138 |
| Electron Counting Rules | p. 141 |
| Chains | p. 143 |
| Zig-Zag Chains of Cations and Anions | p. 143 |
| [pi]-bonded Chains | p. 150 |
| Seiwatz Chains | p. 156 |
| Dimers | p. 158 |
| Symmetric Dimers | p. 158 |
| Asymmetric Dimers | p. 163 |
| Heterodimers | p. 166 |
| Bridging Groups | p. 168 |
| Adatoms and Adclusters | p. 170 |
| Isolated Adatoms | p. 170 |
| Adatoms Accompanied by Rest Atoms | p. 172 |
| Adatoms Combined with Other Reconstruction Elements | p. 176 |
| Trimers | p. 180 |
| Tetramers | p. 183 |
| Elementary Excitations I: Single Electronic Quasiparticles | p. 187 |
| Electrons and Holes | p. 187 |
| Excitation and Quasiparticle Character | p. 187 |
| Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy | p. 188 |
| Photoemission Spectroscopy and Inverse Photoemission | p. 194 |
| Satellites | p. 199 |
| Many-Body Effects | p. 201 |
| Quasiparticle Equation | p. 201 |
| Quasiparticle Shifts and Spectral Weights | p. 203 |
| Screening Near Surfaces | p. 207 |
| Quasiparticle Surface States | p. 211 |
| Surface Barrier | p. 211 |
| Characteristic Energies | p. 214 |
| State Localization | p. 217 |
| Quasiparticle Bands and Gaps | p. 221 |
| Strong Electron Correlation | p. 225 |
| Image States | p. 225 |
| Mott-Hubbard Bands | p. 231 |
| Elementary Excitations II: Pair and Collective Excitations | p. 237 |
| Probing Surfaces by Excitations | p. 237 |
| Optical Spectroscopies | p. 237 |
| Light Propagation in Surfaces | p. 240 |
| Electron Energy Losses | p. 243 |
| Raman Scattering | p. 250 |
| Electron-Hole Pairs: Excitons | p. 254 |
| Polarization Function | p. 254 |
| Two-Particle Hamiltonian | p. 255 |
| Excitons | p. 258 |
| Surface Exciton Bound States | p. 262 |
| Surface-Modified Bulk Excitons | p. 265 |
| Plasmons | p. 269 |
| Intraband Excitations | p. 269 |
| Plasma Oscillations | p. 270 |
| Surface Modifications | p. 270 |
| Phonons | p. 273 |
| Harmonic Lattice Dynamics | p. 273 |
| Surface and Bulk Modes | p. 276 |
| Rayleigh Waves | p. 278 |
| Fuchs-Kliewer Phonons | p. 281 |
| Influence of Relaxation and Reconstruction | p. 285 |
| Elementary Excitations for Reduced Dimension | p. 290 |
| Defects | p. 293 |
| Realistic and Ideal Surfaces | p. 293 |
| Point Defects | p. 294 |
| Vacancies | p. 294 |
| Impurities | p. 300 |
| Antisites | p. 302 |
| Line Defects: Steps | p. 303 |
| Geometry and Notation | p. 303 |
| Steps on Si(100) Surfaces | p. 306 |
| Steps on Si(111) Surfaces | p. 310 |
| Planar Defects: Stacking Faults | p. 312 |
| Defect, Reconstruction Element or Bulk Property? | p. 312 |
| Si on Si(111)[radical 3] x [radical 3]-B | p. 313 |
| References | p. 317 |
| Index | p. 337 |
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