Abbreviations | p. xiii |
| p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
| p. 4 |
Patent Regulations to Protect Plant Genetic Resources and Plant Varieties | p. 4 |
General Introduction | p. 4 |
Plant Variety and Plant Genetic Resource Protection in the United States | p. 5 |
Plant Variety and Plant Genetic Resource Protection in Europe | p. 11 |
The International Intellectual Property System | p. 15 |
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property | p. 15 |
Patent Co-operation Treaty | p. 17 |
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights | p. 18 |
Introduction | p. 18 |
Patentable Subject Matter | p. 19 |
Rights and the Patent Holder | p. 23 |
Burden of Proof | p. 24 |
TRIPs Implementation | p. 25 |
Conclusion | p. 26 |
General Conclusion | p. 28 |
| p. 29 |
Breeders' Rights Under the Upov | p. 29 |
General Introduction | p. 29 |
Upov 1978 | p. 30 |
Introduction | p. 30 |
Conditions Required for Protection | p. 30 |
Scope of Protection | p. 31 |
Double Protection | p. 33 |
Duration of Protection | p. 34 |
Conclusion | p. 34 |
UPOV Act of 1991 | p. 34 |
Introduction | p. 34 |
Conditions for the Grant of the PBRs | p. 34 |
Scope of Protection | p. 35 |
Double Protection | p. 37 |
Duration of Protection | p. 37 |
Conclusion | p. 38 |
Differences and Similarities Between Pbrs and Patent Rights | p. 38 |
Plant Piracy in Australia | p. 40 |
General Conclusion | p. 42 |
| p. 44 |
Fao Global System for the Conservation and Utilisation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture | p. 44 |
General Introduction | p. 44 |
The International Undertaking | p. 46 |
Introduction | p. 46 |
Definition of and Access to PGRs | p. 46 |
Annexes to the International Undertaking | p. 48 |
FAO Resolution 4/89 | p. 49 |
FAO Resolution 5/89 | p. 51 |
FAO Resolution 3/91 | p. 53 |
Revision of International Undertaking | p. 57 |
International Code of Conduct for Plant Germplasm Collecting and Transfer | p. 58 |
Conclusion | p. 60 |
Examples of Cases Involving Farmers and Biotechnology Companies | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 61 |
Neem Tree | p. 62 |
"Terminator Technology" | p. 63 |
Conclusion | p. 64 |
General Conclusion | p. 65 |
| p. 68 |
Alternative Sui Generis Systems to Protect Plants, Plant Varieties and Associated Traditional Knowledge | p. 68 |
General Introduction | p. 68 |
Sui Generis System on the International Level | p. 68 |
Introduction | p. 68 |
Sui Generis Systems Based on Intellectual Property Rights other than Patents | p. 69 |
Trademarks | p. 69 |
Geographic Indications | p. 71 |
Trade Secrets | p. 72 |
Unesco/Wipo Model Provisions for National Laws on Protection of Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and other Prejudicial Actions | p. 74 |
Organisation of African Unity Draft Model Legislation on Community Rights on Access to Biological Resources | p. 77 |
Conclusion | p. 79 |
Sui Generis System on the National Level | p. 80 |
Introduction | p. 80 |
Sui Generis System Combining Patents And Plant Breeders' Rights | p. 80 |
Thammasat Resolution | p. 81 |
Discoverer's Rights | p. 82 |
Convention of Farmers and Breeders | p. 85 |
Conclusion | p. 88 |
General Conclusion | p. 89 |
| p. 92 |
Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Balancing the Interests of the Scientific and Traditional Communities | p. 92 |
General Introduction | p. 92 |
Objectives of the CDB | p. 93 |
Introduction | p. 93 |
Conservation of Biodiversity | p. 94 |
Sustainable Use of The Components of Biological Diversity | p. 98 |
Equitable Share of Benefits Derived from the Utilisation of its Components | p. 101 |
Conclusion | p. 106 |
Mechanisms Available for States to Negotiate the Equitable Share of Benefits Derived from the Use of Their Biodiversity | p. 106 |
Introduction | p. 106 |
Prior Informed Consent | p. 107 |
Mutually Agreed Contracts | p. 108 |
Conclusion | p. 109 |
Comprehensive National Biodiversity Legislation-costa Rica | p. 110 |
Definition of Biodiversity | p. 110 |
Objectives | p. 111 |
Access To Genetic Resources | p. 112 |
Conclusion | p. 112 |
General Conclusion | p. 113 |
| p. 115 |
Biopartnerships | p. 115 |
General Introduction | p. 115 |
Global Inequity | p. 116 |
Biopartnerships | p. 117 |
Introduction | p. 117 |
Biopartnership Contracts | p. 119 |
Biopartnership Case-Studies | p. 120 |
Introduction | p. 120 |
Merck-INBio Agreement | p. 121 |
Sustainable Development Treaties between the Netherlands and Costa Rica, Bhutan and Benin | p. 123 |
The Bioresources Development and Conservation Program | p. 126 |
ICBG Biopartnership Project in Suriname | p. 129 |
The Genetic Resources Recognition Fund of the University of California, Davis | p. 131 |
Conclusion | p. 133 |
General Conclusion | p. 134 |
| p. 137 |
The Effects of International Regimes in Brazil | p. 137 |
General Introduction | p. 137 |
Social Equality, Environmental and Intellectual Property Protection in the Brazilian Constitution | p. 137 |
Patent Law | p. 140 |
Introduction | p. 140 |
General Principles | p. 141 |
Patentable Subject Matter | p. 141 |
"Prior User" Concept | p. 143 |
Term of Protection | p. 144 |
Conclusion | p. 144 |
Plant Variety Protection Law | p. 145 |
Biosafety Regulations | p. 149 |
Introduction | p. 149 |
Biosafety Law | p. 149 |
Transgenic Soya Case | p. 150 |
Labelling Genetically Modified Foods | p. 152 |
Conclusion | p. 154 |
Proposed Legislation to Regulate Access to Brazil's Genetic Resources and Derived Products | p. 155 |
Introduction | p. 155 |
Objectives of Bill 306/95 | p. 156 |
Scope of Bill 306/95 | p. 158 |
Who Can Access Brazil's Genetic Resources | p. 158 |
Access Contracts | p. 159 |
Responsible Organ for Access Proceedings | p. 160 |
Pre-established Requirements of the Access Contracts | p. 161 |
Conclusion | p. 164 |
General Conclusion | p. 165 |
| p. 167 |
Brazilian Biopartnerships | p. 167 |
General Introduction | p. 167 |
Access to Plant Genetic Resources of Plants of Traditional Spiritual Value: Case-Study the Ayahuasca Plants | p. 167 |
Introduction | p. 167 |
Access Bills and Access to the Sacred Plants Mariri and Chacrona | p. 168 |
Conclusion | p. 175 |
Poema: Program Poverty and Environment in Amazonia | p. 175 |
Sanitation and Nutrition | p. 175 |
Agriculture in Layers, Commercialisation of Forest Products and BIOPartnerships | p. 176 |
Conclusion | p. 179 |
Building the Scenery of Traditional Knowledge | p. 179 |
Introduction | p. 179 |
The Scenery System | p. 180 |
Conclusion | p. 183 |
General Conclusion | p. 184 |
| p. 185 |
Final Conclusion | p. 185 |
Bibliography | p. 190 |
Index | p. 203 |
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