Introduction: the issues | |
Introduction | |
Rewards and punishers | |
Approaches to emotion and motivation | |
Outline | |
The nature of emotion | |
Introduction | |
A theory of emotion | |
Different emotions | |
Refinements of the theory of emotion | |
The classification of emotion | |
Other theories of emotion | |
Individual differences in emotion, personality and emotional intelligence | |
Cognition and emotion | |
Emotion, motivation, reward and mood | |
The concept of emotion | |
Advantages of the approach | |
The functions of emotion: reward, punishment and emotion in brain design | |
Introduction | |
Brain design and the functions of emotion | |
Selection of behaviour: cost-benefit 'analysis' | |
Further functions of emotion | |
The functions of emotion in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context | |
The functions of motivation in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context | |
Are all goals for action gene-specified? | |
The brain mechanisms underlying emotion | |
Introduction | |
Overview | |
Representations of primary reinforcers | |
Representing potential secondary reinforcers | |
The orbitofrontal cortex | |
The amygdala | |
The cingulate cortex | |
Human brain imaging investigations of mood and depression | |
Output pathways for emotional responses | |
Effects of emotion on cognitive processing and memory | |
Laterality effects in human emotional processing | |
Summary | |
Hunger | |
Introduction | |
Peripheral signals for hunger and satiety | |
The control signals for hunger and satiety | |
The brain control of eating and reward | |
Obesity, bulimia and anorexia | |
Conclusions on reward, affective responses to food, and the control ofappetite | |
Thirst | |
Introduction | |
Cellular stimuli for drinking | |
Extracellular thirst stimuli | |
Control of normal drinking | |
Reward and satiety signals for drinking | |
Summary | |
Brain-stimulation reward | |
Introduction | |
The nature of the reward produced | |
The location of brain-stimulation reward sites in the brain | |
The effects of brain lesions on intracranial self-stimulation | |
The neurophysiology of reward | |
Some of the properties of brain-stimulation reward | |
Stimulus-bound motivational behaviour | |
Conclusions | |
Apostasis | |
Pharmacology of emotion, reward and addiction; the basal ganglia | |
Introduction | |
The noradrenergic hypothesis | |
Dopamine and reward | |
The basal ganglia | |
Opiate reward systems, analgesia, and food reward | |
Pharmacology of depression in relation to brain systems involved in emotion | |
Pharmacology of anxiety in relation to brain systems involved in emotion | |
Cannabinoids | |
Overview of behavioural selection and output systems involved in emotion | |
Sexual behaviour, reward and brain function; sexual selection of behaviour | |
Introduction | |
Mate selection, attractiveness and love | |
Parental attachment, care and parent-offspring conflict | |
Sperm competition | |
Concealed ovulation and its consequences for sexual behaviour | |
Sexual selection of sexual and non-sexual behaviour | |
Individual differences in sexual rewards | |
The neural reward mechanisms that might mediate some aspects of sexualbehaviour | |
Neural basis of sexual behaviour | |
Conclusion | |
Emotional feelings and consciousness: a theory of consciousness | |
Introduction | |
A theory of consciousness | |
Dual routes to action | |
Representations | |
Discussion | |
Conclusions and comparisons | |
Conclusions and broader issues | |
Conclusions | |
Decision-making | |
Emotion and ethics | |
Emotion and literature | |
Close | |
Neural networks and emotion-related learning | |
Reward reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex - a model | |
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