Introduction | p. 1 |
Physics | |
Basics of Infrared Detection | p. 5 |
Blackbody Radiation | p. 5 |
Signal, Noise, and Noise-Equivalent Power | p. 7 |
Detectivity and Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference | p. 10 |
Semiconductor Quantum Wells and Intersubband Transitions | p. 13 |
Quantum Wells | p. 13 |
Intersubband Transitions | p. 13 |
Intersubband Transition: More Details | p. 18 |
Basic Formulae | p. 18 |
Calculations for a Symmetric Quantum Well | p. 21 |
Transfer-Matrix Method | p. 27 |
Corrections to the Intersubband Energy and Lineshape | p. 29 |
Coulomb Interaction | p. 29 |
Many-Particle Effects | p. 31 |
Further Interactions | p. 34 |
Band Nonparabolicity | p. 36 |
Intersubband Relaxation and Carrier Capture | p. 39 |
Electron-Phonon Interaction | p. 40 |
Electron-Impurity and Electron-Electron Scattering | p. 41 |
Photoconductive QWIP | p. 45 |
Dark Current | p. 45 |
Simple Models | p. 45 |
Self-Consistent and Numerical Models | p. 55 |
Photocurrent | p. 57 |
Photoconductive Gain | p. 57 |
Detector Responsivity | p. 64 |
Detector Performance | p. 65 |
Detector Noise | p. 65 |
Detectivity and Blip Condition | p. 67 |
Design of an Optimized Detector | p. 72 |
THz QWIPs | p. 75 |
Design Considerations | p. 76 |
Experimental and Discussion | p. 77 |
Photovoltaic QWIP | p. 83 |
General Concept | p. 83 |
The Four-Zone QWIP | p. 85 |
Transport Mechanism and Device Structure | p. 85 |
Responsivity and Dark Current | p. 88 |
Noise | p. 89 |
Detectivity | p. 92 |
Time Dependence | p. 93 |
Theoretical Performance of Low-Noise QWIPs | p. 94 |
Optical Coupling | p. 97 |
Simple Experimental Geometries | p. 97 |
Gratings for Focal Plane Arrays | p. 100 |
Strong Coupling in Waveguides, Polaritons, and Vacuum-Field Rabi Splitting | p. 104 |
Miscellaneous Effects | p. 107 |
Intersubband Absorption Saturation | p. 107 |
Nonlinear Transport and Optical Effects | p. 109 |
Extrinsic (Photoconductive) Nonlinearity | p. 109 |
Negative Differential Photoconductivity and Electric Field Domains | p. 115 |
Intrinsic Nonlinearity | p. 121 |
Asymmetry Caused by Dopant Segregation | p. 123 |
Coherent Photocurrent | p. 125 |
Coherent Control by Optical Fields | p. 125 |
Coherent Control Through Potential Offsets | p. 128 |
Impact Ionization and Avalanche Multiplication | p. 131 |
Radiation Hardness | p. 135 |
Related Structures and Devices | p. 139 |
High Absorption QWIPs | p. 139 |
Absorption Measurements | p. 139 |
Detector Characteristics | p. 141 |
Multicolor QWIPs | p. 144 |
Voltage Switched Multicolor QWIP | p. 146 |
Voltage Tuned Multicolor QWIP | p. 149 |
Interband and Intersubband Dual-band Detectors | p. 151 |
Using the Same Quantum Well | p. 151 |
Stacked QWIP and PIN | p. 158 |
Integrated QWIP-LED | p. 161 |
Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetector | p. 163 |
Anticipated Advantages and Current Status | p. 165 |
Areas for Improvement | p. 170 |
Single Well and Blocked Miniband QWIPs | p. 170 |
Transistors and Monolithic Integration | p. 172 |
Applications | |
Thermal Imaging | p. 175 |
Signal, Noise, and Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference | p. 175 |
Signal Detection | p. 175 |
Detector Noise | p. 177 |
System Noise | p. 178 |
Thermal Resolution | p. 179 |
Fixed-Pattern Noise and NETD of an Array | p. 181 |
Modulation Transfer Function | p. 183 |
QWIP Cameras | p. 185 |
Fabrication of QWIP FPAs | p. 185 |
System Integration | p. 187 |
Camera Performance | p. 188 |
MWIR/LWIR Dual-Band QWIP FPA | p. 190 |
Detector Concept | p. 191 |
Array Fabrication and FPA Layout | p. 193 |
Properties of Dual-Band QWIP Test Devices | p. 194 |
System Integration and Dual-Band QWIP FPA Performance | p. 195 |
Opportunities for QWIP FPAs in Thermal Imaging | p. 196 |
Alternative Architecture and New Functionality of QWIP FPAs | p. 199 |
Dynamics, Ultrafast, and Heterodyne | p. 203 |
Dynamic Processes in QWIPs | p. 203 |
Quantum Well Recharging | p. 204 |
Picosecond Photocurrent | p. 208 |
High Frequency and Heterodyne QWIPs | p. 213 |
Microwave Rectification | p. 213 |
Heterodyne Detection | p. 216 |
Two-Photon QWIP | p. 220 |
Equidistant Three-Level System for Quadratic Detection | p. 220 |
Autocorrelation of Subpicosecond Optical Pulses | p. 223 |
Externally Switchable Quadratic and Linear Response | p. 225 |
Conclusions and outlook | p. 229 |
References | p. 231 |
Index | p. 247 |
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