| Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
| List of acronyms | p. xv |
| Preface | p. xvii |
| Foreword | p. xix |
| Background: law and digital challenges | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Development of communication technology and international copyright laws in the context of globalisation | p. 11 |
| Introduction | p. 11 |
| An overview of the development of communication technology and its impacts | p. 13 |
| Development of communication technology and its impacts (the 1442s to the 1970s) | p. 13 |
| Development of digital technology and its impacts (post 1970s) | p. 15 |
| An overview of the development of international copyright legislation | p. 22 |
| Berne Convention | p. 22 |
| TRIPS | p. 27 |
| WIPO Internet treaties | p. 35 |
| New development and opinions of international forums | p. 41 |
| WIPO Digital Agenda 1999 | p. 41 |
| UNDP Report 2003 - Call on TRIPS alternatives | p. 42 |
| Development Agenda for WIPO 2004 | p. 44 |
| Summary | p. 47 |
| Rise of regionalism: IP-related bilateral and regional trade agreements | p. 48 |
| IP-related RTAs in which the US is a party: IP and trade agreement | p. 48 |
| Other IP-related RTAs | p. 55 |
| Summary | p. 56 |
| Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 2 | p. 56 |
| Knowledge equilibrium paradigm: IP theories and copyright policies | p. 59 |
| Knowledge divide vs. knowledge equilibrium | p. 61 |
| Introduction | p. 61 |
| IP theories and causes of knowledge divide | p. 64 |
| Knowledge, knowledge economy and IP theories | p. 65 |
| Intellectual products, IPR and knowledge divide | p. 70 |
| IP divergence and essential causes for copyright imbalances | p. 77 |
| IP divergence: three common approaches | p. 77 |
| Yin-Yang philosophy: power imbalance vs. copyright imbalance | p. 82 |
| Inequalities of power vs. democratic balancing regime | p. 83 |
| IP standard setting process vs. democracy: forum-shifting strategy in TRIPS and DMCA | p. 85 |
| Summary: two balancing mechanisms | p. 90 |
| A knowledge equilibrium framework (a political economy of intellectual property in the digital era) | p. 92 |
| Perspective/notion of knowledge equilibrium: equilibrium between copyright, knowledge and power | p. 92 |
| Main objectives of knowledge equilibrium theoretical framework/paradigm | p. 93 |
| A framework/paradigm of knowledge equilibrium society (implication and goals for capacity building) | p. 95 |
| Obstacles and possibilities of establishing a KE society | p. 111 |
| Obstacles to establishing a KE society | p. 112 |
| Advantages and possibilities of establishing a KE society | p. 113 |
| Some principles/strategies for implementing the KE framework/paradigm | p. 117 |
| Regionalism as second-best approach | p. 117 |
| Domestic solutions and developmental independence | p. 120 |
| Feasibility and flexibility | p. 121 |
| An open KE framework | p. 123 |
| Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 3 | p. 123 |
| IP trade conflicts and proper digital copyright policies | p. 125 |
| Introduction | p. 125 |
| Technology, copyright protection and potential IP trade wars | p. 127 |
| Digital technology vs. widespread piracy | p. 127 |
| Responses for digital challenges and potential trade wars/sanctions | p. 129 |
| Historical review: bilateral (China-US) IP conflicts and changes of copyright policies | p. 131 |
| US copyright history: protectionist copyright policies and underlying business incentives | p. 131 |
| China copyright history: development of copyright laws and external/internal pressures | p. 139 |
| Reasons for successfully avoiding IP trade wars and China's positive post-WTO copyright policy | p. 146 |
| Establishment of proper copyright policy: copyright and development | p. 155 |
| Classifying and prioritising problems | p. 156 |
| Sustainable copyright protection: copyright policy and development/trade policy | p. 158 |
| Failed myth of development: copyright policy vs. technology policy | p. 161 |
| More systematic and collaborative copyright policies | p. 163 |
| Some strategies for the policy implementation | p. 165 |
| Variety and flexibility: implementation of policy framework | p. 165 |
| Domestic approach plus regionalism approach | p. 166 |
| Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 4 | p. 168 |
| Application of theory and policy: knowledge equilibrium and future digital legislative reform (templates/law models) | p. 171 |
| Templates/law models for ISP liability and their implementation | p. 175 |
| Introduction | p. 175 |
| Overview of international ISP safe harbour legislation | p. 176 |
| Vertical approach: US ISP legislative model | p. 177 |
| Scope of protections | p. 177 |
| Conditions for eligibility and their applications | p. 180 |
| Other relevant implementation provisions | p. 185 |
| Summary and comments on the US model | p. 187 |
| Horizontal approach: the EU and the Japanese ISP legislative models | p. 190 |
| EU's horizontal ISP legislative approach | p. 191 |
| More balanced ISP legislative model in Japan | p. 192 |
| Summary and comments on the Japanese ISP model | p. 194 |
| Free Trade Agreement and ISP safe harbour legislative reform: Australia as an example | p. 195 |
| ISP safe harbour provisions in the DAA | p. 196 |
| New requirements under the FTA | p. 199 |
| Problems and recommendations | p. 200 |
| General lessons for other nations | p. 210 |
| Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 5 | p. 212 |
| Templates/law models for anti-circumvention measures and their implementation | p. 214 |
| Introduction | p. 214 |
| International anti-circumvention laws | p. 216 |
| US anti-circumvention rules in the DMCA and their application | p. 217 |
| Background | p. 218 |
| Provisions for banning the acts of circumventing access-controls (Rule I) | p. 220 |
| Anti-device provisions | p. 221 |
| Exceptions for anti-circumvention rules | p. 224 |
| The problems with the US anti-circumvention rules | p. 227 |
| General problems and why there is a need for anti-device rules | p. 228 |
| Problem I: fair use vs. different treatments in anti-circumvention rules | p. 230 |
| Problem II: overly narrow exceptions and lack of a general purpose exception for other legitimate reasons | p. 232 |
| Problem III: 'para-copyright' provisions and misuse of anti-circumvention rights | p. 234 |
| Future anti-circumvention rules: KE goals and heterogeneous solutions | p. 238 |
| Broader exceptions: fair circumvention doctrine (a statutory/common law solution) | p. 238 |
| Controlling technological measures to protect users: proposed legal solutions and market forces | p. 241 |
| Predictable problems on enforcement of new doctrine and possible legal solutions | p. 243 |
| General advice for future legislators and the multi-level role of copyright law in future legal reform | p. 245 |
| Impacts of FTAs on anti-circumvention laws and general lessons for other nations | p. 246 |
| Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 6 | p. 248 |
| Templates/law models for database protection and their implementation | p. 250 |
| Introduction | p. 250 |
| Traditional copyright law on database protection and needs for sui generis database legislation | p. 252 |
| Database protection in the existing international intellectual property/copyright treaties | p. 252 |
| A quick review of US copyright law on database protection | p. 253 |
| Development of technology and needs for sui generis database protection | p. 257 |
| Existing sui generis database legislative models and general criticisms | p. 263 |
| The EU database legislative model | p. 263 |
| Proposed WIPO database treaty | p. 272 |
| Development of database legislation in the US | p. 273 |
| Criticisms and compromises (property right model vs. tort law/unfair competition law model) | p. 278 |
| Specific problems of sui generis database law and recommendations | p. 283 |
| Specific legal problems in these two bills and recommendations | p. 283 |
| Re-examining the EU reciprocal protection provision and lessons for other nations | p. 292 |
| Conclusion and remarks on Chapter 7 | p. 297 |
| Conclusion | p. 300 |
| Bibliography | p. 303 |
| Table of cases | p. 331 |
| Index | p. 333 |
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