Renewable Energy Applications for Freshwater Production

About the book series Editorial board Contributors Foreword Preface Editors' preface About the editors Acknowledgements 1 Addressing freshwater shortage with renewable energies (J. Bundschuh & J. Hoinkis) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The water problem 1.3 The energy problem 1.4 Overview on technologies based on renewable energies for freshwater production 1.4.1 Sustainable freshwater solutions through wastewater treatment and reuse powered by renewable energies 1.4.2 Sustainable drinking water solutions through desalination by solar and wind energy 1.4.3 Geothermal resources options for desalination 1.5 Conclusions and outlook 2 Overview of renewable energy technologies for freshwater production (M. Goosen, H. Mahmoudi & N. Ghaffour) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Freshwater production using renewable energies 2.2.1 Applications of solar energy for water desalination 2.2.2 Wind power and desalination 2.2.3 Wave and tidal power for desalination 2.2.4 Geothermal desalination 2.3 Scale-up and economic considerations 2.3.1 Factors affecting scale-up 2.3.2 Cost-efficiency compared to conventional energy sources 2.3.3 Market potential 2.3.4 Process selection and risk management 2.3.5 Promotion of renewable energy policy and reduction in reliance on conventional power generation 2.4 Case studies 2.4.1 Desalination using renewable energies in Algeria 2.4.2 Seawater greenhouse development for Oman in the Arabian Gulf 2.4.3 Water desalination with renewable energies in Baja California Peninsula in Mexico 2.4.4 Geothermal energy in seawater desalination in Milos Island, Greece 2.4.5 The Kwinana desalination plant and wind farm in Perth,Western Australia 2.4.6 A proposed wave energy converter coupled to an RO desalination plant for Orkney, UK 2.4.7 A proposal for combined large-scale solar power and desalination plants for the North Africa, Middle East and European region and international renewable energy alliances 2.4.8 Solar-powered membrane distillation in Spain, Italy and Tunisia 2.4.9 Solar-powered adsorption desalination prototype in Saudi Arabia 2.5 Environmental concerns and sustainability 2.6 Regulatory, policy and legal considerations 2.7 Choosing the most appropriate technology for freshwater production 2.8 Concluding remarks 3 Use of passive solar thermal energy for freshwater production (G. Zaragoza, D. Alarcon & J. Blanco) 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 A history of the solar still 3.2 Passive solar stills 3.3 Thermodynamic modelling of the solar still 3.3.1 Convective heat transfer 3.3.2 Evaporative heat transfer 3.4 Performance of the solar still 3.5 Designs and techniques to improve the performance of the solar still 3.5.1 Enhancing the light transmission 3.5.2 Enhancing the evaporation 3.5.3 Working in sub-atmospheric conditions 3.5.4 Enhancing the heat absorption 3.5.5 Storing the incident solar energy 3.5.6 Reducing the depth of water in the basin 3.5.7 Reducing the temperature of the cover 3.5.8 Separating evaporating and condensing zones 3.5.9 Reusing the latent heat of condensation in two or more stages 4 Solar desalination with humidification-dehumidification process: design and analysis (H. Ben Bacha) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 State-of-the-art 4.2.1 Open-water/closed-air cycle 4.2.2 Closed-water/open-air cycle 4.3 Design and working principle of the SMCEC desalination unit 4.4 Components mathematical modeling 4.4.1 Solar collector modeling 4.4.2 Evaporation tower modeling 4.4.3 Condensation tower modeling 4.5 Numerical results 4.5.1 Solar collector 4.5.2 Evaporation tower 4.5.3 Condensation tower 4.5.4 Entire desalination unit 4.6 Experimental validation 4.6.1 Solar collector 4.6.2 Distillation module 4.7 Cost analysis 5 Solar PV powered RO systems (V.J. Subiela, B. Penate, F. Castellano & F.J. Dominguez) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Review of the state-of-the-art 5.3 How to implement a PV-RO system 5.3.1 Generalities 5.3.2 The implementation process 5.4 Description of the technological concept 5.4.1 Approach to the solution 5.4.2 Description of the PV technology 5.4.3 Stand-alone photovoltaic sub-systems 5.4.4 Stand-alone PV-RO 5.5 Technical characteristics of selected operating systems 5.5.1 PV-RO system in Tunisia 5.5.2 PV-RO systems in Morocco 5.6 Economic and social issues 5.6.1 Water cost analysis 5.6.2 Influences of the social and institutional local reality 5.6.3 Case of Tunisia 5.6.4 Case of Morocco 5.7 Conclusions 6 Wind energy powered technologies for freshwater production: fundamentals and case studies (E. Tzen) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Wind energy technology 6.3 Wind energy for freshwater production 6.3.1 Wind reverse osmosis systems 6.3.2 Wind mechanical vapor compression systems 6.3.3 Wind electrodialysis systems 6.4 Wind desalination market 1 6.5 Conclusions 7 Geothermal water treatment - preliminary experiences from Poland with a global overview of membrane and hybrid desalination technologies (W. Bujakowski, B. Tomaszewska & M. Bodzek) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Global overview of membrane technologies 7.2.1 Types of membrane processes 7.3 Hybrid desalination processes 7.4 Framework for desalinating geothermal water in Poland 7.4.1 Presence and quality of geothermal waters in Poland 7.4.2 Choice of desalination technologies 7.4.3 Pilot desalination facility 7.4.4 Preliminary research results 7.5 Summary 8 Solar disinfection as low-cost technologies for clean water production (J.M. Meichtry & M.I. Litter) 8.1 Introduction to low-cost technologies for disinfection and decontamination of drinking water for human consumption 8.1.1 The problem of water 8.1.2 Alternative water treatment technologies 8.2 Drinking water disinfection 8.3 Use of solar energy for disinfection 8.3.1 The solar disinfection method (SODIS) 8.3.2 Fundamentals of SODIS and mechanisms of disinfection 8.3.3 Experimental conditions for SODIS 8.4 Heterogeneous photocatalysis 8.4.1 Fundamentals of HP 8.4.2 Use of heterogeneous photocatalysis in water disinfection 8.4.3 Mechanisms of photocatalytic disinfection processes and disinfection kinetics 8.4.4 Effect of photocatalyst: Immobilization 8.4.5 Photoreactors for heterogeneous photocatalytic disinfection 8.5 Fenton and photo-Fenton processes in water disinfection 8.6 Conclusions Subject index Book series page