| Acknowledgements | p. v |
| Foreword | p. vii |
| Preface | p. ix |
| Bibliography | p. xvii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Retransmission as a TRIPS Minimum Standard | p. 3 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Treaty Interpretation | p. 4 |
| The Basics of the Berne Convention | p. 7 |
| The First Countenancing of Statutory Licences in Berne | p. 8 |
| The Phenomena of Broadcasting and its Relation to Copyright | p. 15 |
| The Inception of the Equitable Remuneration Obligation | p. 18 |
| The official program of the 1928 Rome Conference | p. 18 |
| Sub-committee on broadcasting, 8 May 1928 | p. 19 |
| Sub-committee on broadcasting, 16 May 1928 | p. 20 |
| Sub-committee on broadcasting, 19 May 1928 | p. 22 |
| Sub-committee on broadcasting, 29 May 1928 | p. 23 |
| Special committee for the examination of a compromise, 29 May 1928 | p. 26 |
| The final reports | p. 27 |
| The Inception of the Retransmission Right | p. 29 |
| Developments at the 1928 Rome Conference | p. 29 |
| Preliminary documents to the 1948 Brussels Conference | p. 30 |
| The debate at the Brussels Conference | p. 34 |
| Final position at Brussels | p. 36 |
| The "new public" controversy at Brussels | p. 36 |
| The 1967 Stockholm Conference | p. 38 |
| WIPO Working Groups and Committees | p. 39 |
| 1977 Report | p. 39 |
| 1978 Report | p. 41 |
| 1980 Report | p. 42 |
| 1983 Annotated Principles | p. 43 |
| Application of the Berne Retransmission Regime in Europe | p. 48 |
| Judicial consideration of the Berne retransmission regime under Swiss law | p. 48 |
| The Coditel decisions | p. 51 |
| The 1982 colloquium in Amsterdam | p. 54 |
| The EC legislative response | p. 56 |
| The Berne Convention in TRIPS | p. 65 |
| Background | p. 65 |
| Drafting history of Berne-in-TRIPS | p. 66 |
| Interpretation of Article 11bis within TRIPS | p. 71 |
| Contextual matters | p. 71 |
| The Berne-TRIPS relationship and the recognition of rights | p. 74 |
| The significance of TRIPS article 13 and the treatment of exceptions | p. 75 |
| The "Home-style" Decision | p. 76 |
| Background | p. 76 |
| Choice of applicable principle | p. 80 |
| Application of the three-step test to article 11bis(1)(iii) | p. 87 |
| Comment on applicability of the three-step test to article 11bis rights | p. 92 |
| The WIPO Copyright Treaty 1996 | p. 93 |
| Conclusions | p. 95 |
| Retransmission, Equitable Remuneration and Economics | p. 99 |
| Introduction | p. 99 |
| Copyright as a Public Good | p. 100 |
| Coase, Copyright and the Private Supply of Public Goods | p. 102 |
| Competing Views of Efficiency in Supplying Public Goods | p. 106 |
| Exclusion and Copyright | p. 108 |
| Copyright and ex ante exclusion measures | p. 109 |
| Copyright and ex post expectations of enforcement | p. 111 |
| The Effect of Exclusion upon Business Models | p. 117 |
| Broadcast business models relying on advertising | p. 117 |
| Broadcast business models relying on end recipient access payments | p. 120 |
| Rational Market Behaviour for Information Goods | p. 121 |
| Sold "over and over again" | p. 122 |
| Relinquishment of control | p. 122 |
| Retention of added industry value for oneself | p. 123 |
| Contingent Valuation Methodologies and Retransmission | p. 124 |
| Valuations in light of the "free-rider" problem associated with public goods | p. 124 |
| The Bohm experiment | p. 126 |
| Bohm and retransmission | p. 129 |
| Consequences for Understanding Equitable Remuneration | p. 131 |
| Total value added: notional retransmitter--consumer market | p. 132 |
| Share of added value: notional copyright owner--retransmitter market | p. 133 |
| Conclusion | p. 135 |
| Retransmission, Equitable Remuneration and Restitution | p. 137 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| Restitution as a Normative Construct | p. 138 |
| Different Restitutionary Awards and Different Values | p. 139 |
| Aims and Objectives of the Model | p. 142 |
| Proceeds Awards | p. 143 |
| Proceeds awards generally--England | p. 143 |
| Proceeds awards generally--Australia | p. 146 |
| Proceeds awards generally--US | p. 146 |
| Copyright-specific proceeds awards | p. 148 |
| Profit Awards | p. 151 |
| Profit awards generally--England | p. 152 |
| Profit awards generally--Australia | p. 156 |
| Profit awards generally--US | p. 157 |
| Copyright-specific profit awards | p. 162 |
| Fair Market Value Awards | p. 172 |
| Generally | p. 172 |
| Fair market value awards generally--England | p. 174 |
| Fair market value awards generally--Australia | p. 183 |
| Fair market value awards generally--US | p. 186 |
| Copyright-specific fair market value awards | p. 190 |
| Measuring Equitable Remuneration for Retransmission | p. 198 |
| Proceeds awards | p. 198 |
| Profit and fair market value awards | p. 199 |
| Applicable methodology | p. 203 |
| Conclusion | p. 208 |
| The US Cable Retransmission Royalty Rates | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 209 |
| The Rate Scale and the "April 1976 Agreement" | p. 210 |
| Cable and Submission to Copyright Fees | p. 211 |
| Retransmission Reform between 1965 and 1975 | p. 213 |
| April 1976 Agreement: Payment Basis | p. 217 |
| April 1976 Agreement: Rate Quantum | p. 219 |
| April 1976 Agreement: Rate Basis | p. 219 |
| Local and national signals | p. 220 |
| Non-network and syndicated signals | p. 221 |
| Teleprompter proposal | p. 223 |
| The Impact of Early Broadcast Regulation on the Copyright Licence | p. 226 |
| "Must-carry" | p. 227 |
| Syndex rules | p. 227 |
| Distant signal carriage rules | p. 229 |
| Section 111 Royalty Rates as Enacted | p. 229 |
| Rates applied in respect of distant signals | p. 229 |
| Treatment of local area retransmission | p. 230 |
| Concessional treatment of small cable systems | p. 232 |
| The Role of the Copyright Royalty Tribunal | p. 232 |
| Copyright Royalty Tribunal: Inflation Adjustments | p. 233 |
| Copyright Royalty Tribunal: FCC Rule Change Adjustments | p. 234 |
| The signal carriage rules | p. 235 |
| The syndex rules | p. 238 |
| Gross Receipts, "Basic Service" and Commercial Practices | p. 240 |
| "Tiering" | p. 242 |
| "Tie-in" arrangements | p. 243 |
| Cablevision | p. 243 |
| The 1984 regulations and tiering | p. 243 |
| The 1984 regulations and tie-ins | p. 246 |
| Must-Carry and Retransmission Consent | p. 248 |
| Must-carry | p. 248 |
| Retransmission consent | p. 252 |
| The 1992 Reform Proposals | p. 255 |
| Conclusion | p. 258 |
| The US Satellite Retransmission Royalty Rates | p. 261 |
| Context of the Satellite Retransmission Statutory Licence | p. 261 |
| The Evolution of the Section 119 Licence | p. 264 |
| Satellite Home Viewer Bill of 1986--H R 5126 | p. 264 |
| Satellite Home Viewer Bill of 1996--H R 5572 and Satellite Home Viewer Copyright Bill of 1997--H R 2848 | p. 268 |
| Section 119 as enacted | p. 273 |
| 1992 Rate Adjustment | p. 273 |
| The superstation rate | p. 274 |
| The network rate | p. 275 |
| 1994 "Fair market value" Reform | p. 277 |
| 1997 Rate Adjustment | p. 282 |
| "Fair market value" | p. 283 |
| Superstation and network signals | p. 286 |
| A separate "local area retransmission" rate | p. 288 |
| Syndicated exclusivity | p. 290 |
| Final outcome of determination | p. 290 |
| 1999 Reforms | p. 291 |
| Introduction | p. 291 |
| The 27 cent rate and future CARP review | p. 292 |
| Local area satellite retransmission | p. 295 |
| Conclusion | p. 303 |
| Conclusion | p. 305 |
| Outline of Chapter | p. 305 |
| |
| US Accession to Berne in 1989 and its Effect on US Copyright Law | p. 306 |
| Background to the US joining Berne | p. 306 |
| Is Berne a self-executing or non-self-executing treaty under US law? | p. 307 |
| Retransmission and the absence of change to US domestic law | p. 311 |
| US Adherence to TRIPS in 1994 and its Effect on US Copyright Law | p. 314 |
| |
| Retransmission Regimes and US TRIPS Compliance | p. 316 |
| The TRIPS retransmission regime | p. 316 |
| Violation and non-violation complaints under TRIPS | p. 317 |
| Construction of US statutes in light of international obligations | p. 319 |
| Section 111--Cable Retransmission of Distant Signals | p. 320 |
| Section 111--Cable Retransmission within Local Area | p. 322 |
| Section 119--Satellite Retransmission of Distant Signals | p. 324 |
| Section 122--Satellite Retransmission within Local Area | p. 325 |
| Confinement to certain special cases | p. 326 |
| No conflict with a normal exploitation of the work | p. 327 |
| No unreasonable prejudice to right holders' legitimate interests | p. 328 |
| Conclusion | p. 329 |
| Index | p. 331 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
