River Morphology

1 Introduction.- 2 Historic Overview.- 3 Hydraulics of Stream Flow.- 3.1 Basic Laws of Channel Hydraulics.- 3.1.1 Steady Uniform Flow.- 3.1.2 Distribution of Velocities.- 3.1.3Flow in Meandering Channels.- 3.2 Influence of the Earth's Rotation.- 3.2.1 Baer's Law.- 3.2.2 Coriolis Force.- 3.2.3 Centrifugal Force.- 3.2.4 Influence on Tidal Rivers.- 3.3 Density Currents.- 4 Sediments.- 4.1 Differentiation Between Bedload and Suspended Load.- 4.2 Bedload.- 4.2.1 Measurement of Bedload.- 4.2.1.1 Direct Bedload Measuring.- 4.2.1.2 Indirect Bedload Measuring.- 4.2.2 Sampling and Grain Size Analyses.- 4.2.3 Derivation and Composition.- 4.2.4 Attrition of Bedload Components.- 4.2.5 Critical Shear Stress and Velocity.- 4.2.6 Mechanics of Transport.- 4.2.7 Computation of Bedload Transport and Yield.- 4.3 Suspended Load.- 4.3.1 Measurement of Suspended Load.- 4.3.1.1 Individual Point Measurements.- 4.3.1.2 Multi-Point Measurements (Full-Range Measurements).- 4.3.1.3 Depth-Integrating Samplers.- 4.3.1.4 Continuous Measurements.- 4.3.2 Grain Size Analyses.- 4.3.3 Derivation and Composition.- 4.3.4 Distribution of Suspended Matter.- 5 Channel Geometry.- 5.1 Network Evolution as an Interconnected System.- 5.2 River Channel Patterns.- 5.2.1 Descriptive Parameters of Channel Development.- 5.2.2 Straight River Channels.- 5.2.3 Braided River Channels.- 5.2.4 Meandering River Channels.- 5.2.4.1 Meandering Valleys, Incised Meanders.- 5.2.4.2 River Meanders.- 5.3 Longitudinal Section.- 5.3.1 Channel Gradient.- 5.3.2 Equilibrium Gradient.- 5.3.3 Self-Stabilization of Eroding Rivers.- 5.4 Cross-Section.- 5.4.1 Shapes of Valleys.- 5.4.2 Cross-Section of Rivers.- 5.5 Fargue's Laws.- 5.6 Regime Theory.- 6 Classification of Rivers.- 6.1 Drainage Basins, Divides, and Their Structural Controls.- 6.2 Drainage Density, Channel Frequency.- 6.3 Drainage Systems, Types of Rivers.- 6.3.1 Drainage Patterns.- 6.3.2 Topographic-Morphologic Types.- 6.3.2.1 Torrents, Mountain Creeks, and Mountain Rivers.- 6.3.2.2 Rivers of High Plateaus and Tablelands.- 6.3.2.3 Rivers in Low Mountains and Hilly Country.- 6.3.2.4 Rivers of Plains, Mixed Types.- 6.3.2.5 River Mouths.- 6.3.3 Climate-Controlled Types of Rivers.- 6.3.4 Discharge Regimes.- 6.3.4.1 Definition.- 6.3.4.2 Discharge Regimes after Parde.- 7 River History.- 7.1 River History as Part of Geological History.- 7.1.1 River and Climate - Exodynamics.- 7.1.1.1 Formation of Terraces.- 7.1.1.2 Change of Land Forms in Coastal Areas.- 7.1.2 River and Tectonics - Endodynamics.- 7.1.2.1 Formation of Terraces.- 7.1.2.2 Transverse Valleys, Antecedence, Epigenesis, River Capture.- 7.2 River History as Part of the History of Civilization.- 8 Investigations in River Morphology.- 8.1 Methods.- 8.1.1 Hydrographs of Annual Mean Water Level at the Gages.- 8.1.2 Cross Section Surveys.- 8.1.3 Recording of Mean Low Water Level.- 8.1.4 Methods of Calculation.- 8.1.5 Aerial Photogrammetry.- 8.2 Examples for Degradation of River Beds Below Barrages and Weirs.- 8.3 Possibilities for Rehabilitation of Degradation Stretches.- 8.3.1 Derivation of Technological Approaches from the "Swiss Formula".- 8.3.2 Rehabilitation by Increasing Drag.- 8.3.2.1 Stabilization by Armoring.- 8.3.2.2 Bottom Belts and Sills.- 8.3.2.3 Addition of Bed Material.- 8.3.3 Rehabilitation by Reduction of Flow Velocity or Gradient.- 8.3.3.1 Widening of the Channel.- 8.3.3.2 Drops and Weirs with Low Heads.- 8.3.3.3 Stone Ramps.- 8.3.3.4 Sustaining Barrages and Power Plants.- 8.3.3.5 Low-Head Hydro-Power Plants.- 8.3.4 Conclusions.- References.- Authors Index.