Rubber Curing and Properties - Iosif-Daniel Rosca

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Rubber Curing and Properties

Name: Rubber Curing and Properties
Brand: Taylor & Francis Inc
Price: 331.75 AUD
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By: Iosif-Daniel Rosca, Jean-Maurice Vergnaud

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Hardcover | 5 December 2008 | Edition Number 1

At a Glance

Hardcover
230 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.6 x 16.0 x 2.0

Hardcover

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Featuring the work one of the world's foremost authorities on rubber curing, this uniquely comprehensive resource provides valuable data that will allow researchers and engineers to find solutions to their own curing problems. It delves into a variety of current evaluation practices for unvulcanized and vulcanized rubber and curing methods, including the use of molds and injection molding. It also explores a number of solutions to on-going challenges with recycling scrap rubber. In all cases, theoretical treatments are offered in a didactic manner, so that readers not fully familiar with the terms can, nevertheless, easily understand the developments in this field.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Industrial Chemistry & Manufacturing Technologies Industrial Chemistry Rubber Technology Environmental Science Science Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Plastics & Polymers Technology

Chemistry Organic Chemistry Polymer Chemistry Chemical Engineering

Bird's Eye View of the Cure Process, First Attempts	p. 1
Method Based on the Capacity of Liquid Absorption	p. 1
Principle of the Method	p. 1
Experimental	p. 1
Experimental Results and Discussion	p. 2
Calculation of the State of Cure	p. 3
Temperature Dependence and Reference Temperature	p. 4
New Model Built by Hands and Horsfall	p. 5
Verification of the Method on Thick Rubber Samples	p. 5
Conclusions on This Method	p. 5
Numerical Evaluation of the State of Cure	p. 7
Principle of the Method	p. 7
Theoretical	p. 7
Results	p. 8
Heat Conduction and Vulcanization in Molds	p. 8
Principle of the Method	p. 8
Theoretical	p. 8
Theoretical and Experimental Results	p. 10
Remarks on the Calorimetry Studies	p. 11
Evaluation of Temperature and Extent of Cure during the Process	p. 11
Scheme of the Method	p. 11
Theoretical	p. 12
Kinetic Study Using Isothermal Calorimetry	p. 12
Results and Applications	p. 13
Conclusions	p. 13
Expression of the Cure Reaction	p. 15
S-Shaped SOC-Time Curves and Scorch Period at the Beginning of the Cure	p. 16
Cure Reaction Defined by a Complex Reaction System	p. 16
General Conclusions	p. 17
References	p. 18
General Study on Heat Transfer	p. 21
Various Means of Heat Transfer	p. 21
Heat Conduction	p. 21
Heat Convection	p. 21
Heat Radiation	p. 22
Heat Conduction	p. 22
Principle of Heat Conduction	p. 22
Differential Equation of Heat Conduction	p. 22
General Solution of Heat Conduction (Separation of Variables)	p. 24
Initial and Boundary Conditions	p. 25
Initial Conditions	p. 25
Boundary Conditions	p. 25
Heat Convection	p. 26
Forced Heat Convection	p. 27
Natural (Free) Heat Convection	p. 27
Solutions of the Equations of Heat Transfer	p. 28
Sheet Heated on Both Sides with Infinite Heat Transfer at the Interface	p. 28
Heat Transfer through a Rubber Sheet Immersed in a Large Volume of Fluid	p. 31
Thermal Properties of Rubbers	p. 32
Specific Heat	p. 32
Thermal Conductivity	p. 33
Thermal Diffusivity	p. 33
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient	p. 34
Conclusions on Gum Rubbers	p. 34
Heating or Cooling Stages without Cure Reaction	p. 35
Cooling Stage of a Perfectly Cured Rubber Sheet in Motionless Fluid	p. 35
Case of Motionless Air at Room Temperature in Laminar Mode	p. 35
Case of Motionless Air at Room Temperature in Turbulent Mode	p. 36
Cooling of Perfectly Cured Rubber in Stirred Fluid	p. 39
Case of Stirred Air in a Vertical Position	p. 39
Case of Stirred Water in a Vertical Position	p. 39
Heating Stage of the Cured Rubber in the Mold	p. 39
Conclusions on Heat Transfer Boundary Conditions	p. 42
References	p. 44
Kinetics of the Cure Reaction	p. 47
Calorimetry: Principle, Theory, and Techniques	p. 47
Principle of Calorimetry	p. 47
Theoretical Considerations in Calorimetry	p. 48
Case of the Calorimeter with a Cylindrical Sample	p. 48
Case of the Calorimeter with a Horizontal Sensible Detector, Plane in Shape	p. 49
Isothermal Calorimetry Techniques	p. 50
Measure of the Cure Enthalpy under Isothermal Conditions	p. 50
Kinetics of the Overall Cure Reaction	p. 51
Calorimetry in Scanning Mode	p. 53
Measure of the Cure Enthalpy in Scanning Mode	p. 53
Kinetics of the Cure Reaction	p. 54
Conclusions on Calorimetry Techniques	p. 57
Increase in Stiffness during Cure: Isothermal MDR	p. 58
Presentation of the Technique	p. 58
Process of Cure in Isothermal MDR	p. 58
Experimental	p. 59
Theoretical Treatment	p. 60
Results Obtained by Calorimetry	p. 61
Results Obtained by Using Either MDR or Calorimetry	p. 62
Conclusions on the Process in Isothermal MDR	p. 66
MDR in Scanning Mode with Constant Heating Rate	p. 67
Presentation of the Technique	p. 67
Theoretical Treatment	p. 68
Assumptions	p. 68
Mathematical Treatment	p. 68
Results Obtained with MDR in Scanning Mode	p. 69
Material and Apparatus Used for the Study	p. 69
Calculation of the Torque-Temperature Curve	p. 69
Profiles of Temperature and State of Cure in the Rubber Sample	p. 71
Evaluation of the Kinetic Parameters from the Curves Obtained in Scanning Mode	p. 72
Conclusions on the MDR in Scanning Mode	p. 73
Improvements for MDR in Scanning Mode	p. 74
MDR Scanned with Change in Heating Rate	p. 74
MDR with Square-Root Time-Temperature Dependence	p. 75
Theoretical Treatment of the Process	p. 76
Materials and Apparatus	p. 76
Results Calculated with the MDR Run with This Method	p. 76
Conclusions	p. 79
References	p. 79
Cure of Rubber in Mold	p. 83
Rubber-Mold Relation	p. 83
Process of Heating and Cure	p. 83
Mathematical Treatment	p. 83
Numerical Treatment of the Problem	p. 84
Effect of the Position of the Heating System	p. 84
Mold-Rubber System	p. 84
Results Obtained for the Cure of the Rubber Sheet	p. 85
Effect of the Thickness of the Rubber Sheet	p. 89
Effect of the Enthalpy of Cure	p. 92
Effect of the Temperature on the Cure	p. 98
Effect of the Kinetic Parameters of the Cure	p. 101
Effect of the Order of the Overall Reaction	p. 102
Effect of the Activation Energy	p. 104
Effect Postcure of a Rubber Sheet	p. 106
Cure of Rubber-Metal Sandwiches	p. 110
Theoretical Study of the Process of Cure	p. 111
Results	p. 112
Simultaneous Cure of Various Kinds of Rubbers	p. 114
Theoretical Approach of the Process	p. 114
Results for Bilayer Rubber Compounds	p. 115
General Conclusions	p. 117
References	p. 118
Cure of Rubber with Injection Molding	p. 121
Principles of the Technique	p. 121
Evaluation of the Operational Conditions in the Injection System	p. 122
Theory	p. 122
Heating Stage in the Reservoir before Injection	p. 122
Injection Stage of the Rubber in the Mold	p. 123
Results for the Heating Stage in the Reservoir	p. 123
Heating Stage and Cure in the Mold	p. 124
Theoretical for the Stage of Cure in the Mold	p. 124
Results Obtained by Calculation	p. 125
Conclusions on Injection Molding	p. 132
References	p. 133
Mechanical Properties of Rubbers	p. 135
Mechanical Properties of Unvulcanized Rubbers	p. 135
Principle of Viscoelastic Behavior	p. 135
Measure of Plasticity and Flow Rate with Plastimeters	p. 135
Compression Plastimeters: Plate Test and Disc Test	p. 135
Rotation Plastimeters: Mooney Viscometer	p. 135
Extrusion Plastimeters and Die Swell	p. 136
Miscellaneous Processibility Tests	p. 136
Correlation between Plastimeters	p. 136
Scorch Time Measure	p. 136
Mechanical Properties of Vulcanized Rubbers	p. 138
Tests Run under Static Conditions	p. 138
Hardness of Rubber	p. 138
Tensile Stress/Strain	p. 139
Compression Stress/Strain	p. 140
Shear Stress/Strain	p. 142
Tear Tests	p. 142
Dynamic Stress and Strain Properties	p. 143
Dynamic Compression Property of Vulcanized Rubber	p. 144
Conclusions on the Mechanical Properties of Rubbers	p. 145
Conclusions Concerned with Unvulcanized Rubber	p. 145
Conclusions Concerned with Vulcanized Rubber	p. 146
References	p. 146
Resistance of Rubber to Liquids	p. 149
Effect of Liquids on Rubber and Its Measures	p. 149
Measurement of the Swelling	p. 149
Standard Tests	p. 150
Liquid Transport by Diffusion	p. 150
Principle of Diffusion	p. 150
Differential Equations of Diffusion	p. 151
Case of a One-Dimensional Diffusion through a Thin Sheet	p. 151
Radial Diffusion through the Plane Section of a Cylinder or a Sphere	p. 152
Initial and Boundary Conditions	p. 152
General Solution of the Equations of Diffusion in Sheets	p. 153
Solution of Diffusion in Sheets with Infinite Coefficient of Convection	p. 154
Case of Rubber Sheets in Contact with a Liquid	p. 155
Determination of the Parameters of Diffusion	p. 155
Equation of Radial Diffusion with Change in Dimension of the Sphere	p. 156
General Equation of One-Dimension Diffusion	p. 158
Diffusion of the Curing Agent during the Cure	p. 158
Examples of Diffusion of Liquids in Rubbers	p. 160
Diffusion of Liquids through a Sheet with Change in Dimensions	p. 160
Experimental Procedures	p. 160
Results and Conclusions	p. 161
Diffusion of Liquids in EPDM Sheets with Different Percentages of Peroxide	p. 162
Experimental	p. 162
Results on Kinetics of Absorption and Discussion	p. 162
Anisotropic Swelling of EPDM Rubber Discs	p. 164
Drying of Rubbers Containing a Liquid	p. 167
Operational Conditions	p. 168
Experimental Results and Discussion	p. 168
Permeability of Rubbers to Vapors and Gases	p. 170
Principle of the Transfers	p. 170
Theoreticals of the Process	p. 170
Measurements of the Permeability of Gases	p. 171
Constant Volume Method	p. 171
Constant Pressure Method	p. 172
Carrier Gas Method	p. 172
Measurements of the Permeability of Vapors	p. 172
Conclusions on Rubber Resistance to Liquids	p. 172
References	p. 173
Methods of Recycling Waste Tire Rubber	p. 177
General Consideration	p. 177
Scrap Tire Disposal in Previous Studies before 1974	p. 177
Problems Set Down by Scrap Tire Disposal in 1974	p. 177
Physical Applications	p. 178
Fuel Value and Incineration	p. 180
Chemical Applications	p. 180
Reclaiming	p. 180
Pyrolysis	p. 181
Carbon Black Manufacture	p. 181
Biodegradation	p. 181
Reclaiming Processes in Progress	p. 182
Artificial Reefs and Highway Abutments	p. 182
Asphalt Component and Road Base	p. 182
Cure of Scrap Rubber Powder with Addition of New Rubber	p. 183
Cure of Scrap Rubber Powder without Addition of New Rubber	p. 185
Vibration Isolation Rubber Sheets	p. 185
Rubber Sheets Absorbing Impact Noises in Houses	p. 188
Concrete Component	p. 189
Pryolysis of Scrap Rubber	p. 189
Distribution of Scrap Rubber into Polymers	p. 191
Tentative Conclusions on Tire Rubber Recycling	p. 191
References	p. 192
Rubber: Cure and Properties	p. 197
Conclusions	p. 197
Evaluation of the State of Cure and Kinetics of Cure	p. 199
Appendix	p. 203
Suggested Reading	p. 205
Index	p. 207
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Rubber Curing and Properties

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