Sandstone Landforms

1 Introduction.- 2 Cliffs.- 2.1 Strength, Stress and Brittle Fracture.- 2.2 Undercutting.- 2.3 Fatigue.- 2.4 Mechanisms of Brittle Fracture.- 2.5 Block Failure.- 2.6 Rotation and Gliding of Blocks.- 2.7 Evolution of Cliffs.- 3 Curved Slopes.- 3.1 Cross-Bedding.- 3.2 Jointing.- 3.3 Critical Partings.- 3.4 Weathering and Erosion.- 3.5 Polygonal Cracking.- 3.6 Alcoves, Arches and Natural Bridges.- 3.7 Amphitheatres.- 4 Chemical Weathering and Cavernous Weathering.- 4.1 Solubility of Silica.- 4.2 Karst Development.- 4.3 Cavernous Weathering.- 4.3 Tufas and Stalactites.- 5 Erosional Forms.- 5.1 Thermal Breakdown of Sandstone.- 5.2 Hillside Transportation.- 5.3 Sediment Accumulation in Upland Valleys and the Development of Dells.- 5.4 Erosion of Fractures.- 5.5 Slot Canyons.- 5.6 Canyon Sapping.- 5.7 Channel Cutting in Sandstone.- 5.8 Waterfalls and Channel Profiles.- 6 Climatic Zonation of Sandstone Terrain.- 6.1 Humid Tropics.- 6.2 Seasonally Dry Tropics.- 6.3 Arid and Semi-Arid Lands.- 6.4 Hyper-Arid Lands 11l.- 6.5 Mediterranean Lands.- 6.6 Humid Warm Temperate Lands.- 6.7 Humid Cool Temperate Lands.- 6.8 Glaciated Lands.- 6.9 Conclusions.- 7 Basin and Tectonic Constraints on Landforms.- 7.1 Basin Characteristics.- 7.2 Vertical Sequences.- 7.3 Lateral Changes.- 7.4 Syn-Depositional Deformation.- 7.5 Post-Depositional Deformation at the Micro- and Meso-Scale.- 7.6 Large-Scale Post-Depositional Deformation.- 7.6.1 Simple Deformation.- 7.6.2 Complex Deformation.- 7.7 Effects of Earthquakes.- 7.8 Erosion as a Cause of Deformation.- 7.9 Pianation.- 8 Conclusion.- References.