Scattering in Polymeric and Colloidal Systems

Name: Scattering in Polymeric and Colloidal Systems
Brand: CRC PR INC
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By: Wyn Brown (Editor), Kell Mortensen (Editor)

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Hardcover | 8 August 2000 | Edition Number 1

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Hardcover
496 Pages

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23.5 x 16.51 x 5.08

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The application of selected scattering methods, in particular light and neutron scattering, to complex polymeric and colloidal systems is discussed. Progress in this area of condensed matter is charted and the book provides insight into the theory and practice of the techniques apploed to a number of diverse problems.

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Non-Fiction Science Physics Materials & States of Matter Applied Physics Chemistry Physical Chemistry Colloid Chemistry Organic Chemistry Polymer Chemistry

Preface	p. xvii
Contributors	p. xxi
Multiple Scattering of Light: Coherent Backscattering and Transmission	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Light Propagation in Single and Multiple Scattering Samples	p. 6
The Diffusion Approximation	p. 8
Cross-over from Single to Multiple Scattering	p. 10
Influence of a Boundary	p. 12
Transmission Geometry	p. 15
Time-resolved Transmission Experiments	p. 19
Frequency-dependent Speckle Correlations	p. 21
Diffuse Photon-density Waves	p. 24
Coherent Backscattering of Light	p. 25
Theory of Coherent Backscattering	p. 28
Monte-Carlo Simulations	p. 42
Experimental Setup of CB	p. 44
Examples of CB-cones	p. 48
Appendix A: Transport Mean Free Path l*	p. 58
Appendix B: Proof of Equations (57) and (58)	p. 60
Appendix C: Monte-Carlo Simulations	p. 62
Appendix D: Divergent or Convergent Light Source	p. 64
Appendix E: Strongly Inclined Samples and Refraction at the Surface	p. 66
Glossary of Symbols	p. 68
References	p. 69
Thermal-Diffusion Forced Rayleigh Scattering	p. 75
Introduction	p. 76
Phenomenological Model	p. 78
The Transport Coefficients	p. 78
Writing of the Grating	p. 80
Detection	p. 81
Experimental Aspects	p. 83
Setup	p. 83
Sample Preparation	p. 86
Size of the Effect	p. 86
Convection and Flow	p. 87
Liquid Mixtures	p. 88
Polymer Solutions	p. 92
Treatment of Polydispersity	p. 92
Averages of the Transport Coefficients	p. 93
Molar Mass Distribution and Averages	p. 94
Experimental Determination of the Transport Coefficients	p. 97
Broad Molar Mass Distributions	p. 102
Semidilute and Concentrated Solutions	p. 105
Stochastic TDFRS	p. 105
Conclusions	p. 110
Acknowledgements	p. 111
Glossary of Symbols	p. 111
References	p. 113
Light Scattering from Ionomer Solutions	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Ionomer Solutions	p. 117
Light Scattering Techniques	p. 119
Ionomers in Polar Solvents (Polyelectrolyte Behaviour)	p. 120
Introduction	p. 120
Static Light Scattering	p. 121
Dynamic Light Scattering	p. 132
Ionomers in Non-polar Solvents (Aggregation Behaviour)	p. 140
Introduction	p. 140
Static Light Scattering	p. 142
Dynamic Light Scattering	p. 144
Conclusions	p. 146
Acknowledgements	p. 146
Glossary of Symbols	p. 146
References	p. 148
Light Scattering from Ternary Polymer Solutions	p. 151
Introduction	p. 151
Theoretical Background	p. 153
Phenomenological Basis	p. 153
Thermodynamics and Static Information	p. 155
Dynamics and Diffusion Coefficients	p. 158
Hydrodynamic Fluctuations and Initial Spinodal Decomposition	p. 160
Selected Experimental Results and Discussion	p. 163
Thermodynamics and Static Information from SLS	p. 163
Dynamic and Static Information from DLS	p. 171
The Case of Coils in Solutions with Rodlike Polymers	p. 183
Conclusions	p. 191
Acknowledgements	p. 191
Glossary of Symbols	p. 191
References	p. 193
Dynamic Scattering from Semiflexible Polymers	p. 197
Introduction	p. 198
Wormlike Chain Model	p. 201
Static Structure Factor	p. 206
Critical Comment on Gaussian Models	p. 208
Dynamics of Semiflexible Polymers in Solution	p. 211
Brief Survey of the History	p. 211
Introduction of the Equation of Motion	p. 213
Linear Mode Analysis	p. 217
Entanglement Effects	p. 220
Dynamic Structure Factor	p. 225
Definitions	p. 225
Initial Decay (t [double less-than sign] [tau subscript q])	p. 228
Initial Slope from the Smoluchowski Equation	p. 231
Stretched Exponential Decay (t [double greater-than sign] [tau subscript q])	p. 234
Entanglement Effects	p. 235
Polydispersity and Clusters	p. 236
Applications to Biopolymers	p. 239
Conclusions	p. 242
Acknowledgements	p. 242
Glossary of Symbols	p. 242
References	p. 244
Microemulsions Studied by Scattering Techniques	p. 249
Introduction	p. 250
Microemulsions	p. 251
Formation of Microemulsions	p. 252
Phase Behaviour	p. 254
Microstructure	p. 258
Experimental Methods	p. 267
General Advantages and Disadvantages of Scattering Techniques	p. 267
Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves	p. 268
The Basic Theory of the Scattering Intensity	p. 269
Interference Effects, Interactions and Structure Factor	p. 273
Static Light Scattering from Hard Spheres	p. 275
Attractive Particle Interactions and Clustering	p. 279
Static Light Scattering from Non-spherical Particles	p. 282
Static Light Scattering from L[subscript 3]-Phases	p. 284
Optical Matching	p. 285
Dynamic Light Scattering	p. 288
The Technique	p. 288
Data Evaluation	p. 291
The Concentration Dependence of D[subscript c]	p. 292
Experimental Studies on Non-attractive Droplet Microemulsions	p. 295
Attractive Interactions, Percolating Systems and Phase Transitions	p. 298
Microemulsions Containing Networks	p. 300
Practical Aspects of Scattering with Microemulsions	p. 301
Small Angle Neutron and X-ray Scattering	p. 303
Interaction Between Matter and X-ray or Neutron Radiation	p. 303
Contrast Variation	p. 305
Indirect Fourier Transformation	p. 307
Scattering from Micelles	p. 308
Micellar Form Factors	p. 309
Inter Micellar Interaction	p. 310
Swollen Lamellar Phases	p. 311
Bicontinuous Microemulsions	p. 313
Acknowledgements	p. 315
Glossary of Symbols	p. 315
References	p. 318
Critical Behaviour in Polymer Blend Solutions	p. 327
Introduction	p. 328
Critical Behaviour of Fluids	p. 328
Critical Behaviour of Polymeric Systems	p. 330
Theoretical Backgrounds	p. 332
Static Crossover of Critical Behaviour--Mean-field, Ising, and Fisher's Renormalized Ising Behaviours	p. 332
The Ginzburg Number Gi and Universal Crossover Function	p. 332
Gi[superscript BK](bare) for Polymer Blend Solutions Evaluated with a Blob Model	p. 332
Fisher's Renormalized Ising Behaviour	p. 335
Dynamic Crossover of Critical Behaviour--Diffusive Process and Hydrodynamic Mode--Mode Coupling Process	p. 336
Mode-coupling Theory and the Dynamic Crossover Number [varepsilon]*	p. 336
Concentration Fluctuations in Polymer Blend Solutions and the Dynamic-crossover Number [varepsilon]* Evaluated with a Blob Model	p. 339
Symmetrical Polymer Blend Solutions	p. 341
Static Critical Behaviour--Crossover from the Mean-field to Ising Behaviour	p. 342
Static Light Scattering	p. 342
Experimental Results and Discussion	p. 344
Dynamic Critical Behaviour--Crossover from Diffusive to Hydrodynamic Behaviour	p. 348
Dynamic Light Scattering	p. 348
Experimental Results and Discussion	p. 350
Asymmetrical Polymer Blend Solutions--Molecular-weight Asymmetry and Solvent-quality Asymmetry	p. 354
Static Critical Behaviour--Crossover from Ising to Fisher's Renormalized Behaviour	p. 356
Dynamic Critical Behaviour--Effects of the System-asymmetry on Critical Dynamics	p. 358
Conclusions	p. 363
Glossary of Symbols	p. 364
References	p. 367
Thermal Composition Fluctuations in Polymer Blends Studied with Small Angle Neutron Scattering	p. 371
Introduction	p. 372
Theoretical Background	p. 373
Susceptibility	p. 374
Crossover Function and Ginzburg Criterion	p. 375
Flory--Huggins Theory	p. 375
Structure Factor S(Q): RPA; Ornstein--Zernike	p. 377
Length Scales in Polymer Blends	p. 377
The Effect of Compressibility	p. 379
Scattering Contrast in Neutron Scattering	p. 379
Thermodynamic Parameters Determined from the Structure Factor	p. 381
Structure Factor S(Q)	p. 381
Susceptibility in One-phase Region	p. 381
Ginzburg Number	p. 383
Flory--Huggins Parameter and Phase Diagram	p. 385
Spinodal and Binodal	p. 386
Effect of Polydispersity	p. 387
Characteristic Lengths in Polymer Blends	p. 390
The A, A* Parameters and the Radius of Gyration R[subscript g]	p. 390
The A Parameter in the Critical Range and the Correlation length	p. 392
Structure Factor S(Q) in the Two-phase Regime	p. 392
Mixed State during the Early Stage of Spinodal Decomposition	p. 393
Decomposed in Domains of Equilibrium Composition	p. 395
External Fields	p. 396
Pressure	p. 397
Shear	p. 401
Polymer Blends with Additives of a Good Solvent and a Diblock Copolymer	p. 403
Low Molecular Weight Solvents	p. 403
Addition of a Diblock Copolymer	p. 404
Summary	p. 408
Appendix	p. 409
Acknowledgements	p. 409
Glossary of Symbols	p. 409
References	p. 410
Block Copolymers Studied with Small Angle Neutron Scattering	p. 413
Introduction	p. 414
Experimental	p. 416
Interaction Between Matter and X-ray/Neutron Radiation	p. 417
Scattering Amplitude and Intensity	p. 418
Auxiliary Instrumentation in Scattering Experiments	p. 420
Disordered Block Copolymer Melts	p. 421
Concentration Fluctuations in the Mean-field Approximation	p. 423
Effect of Polydispersity	p. 428
Fluctuation Effects	p. 429
Peak Position q*, and Polymer Radius of Gyration, R[subscript g]	p. 431
N-Scaling of Peak-value q*	p. 433
Gaussian Regime	p. 433
Weak Segregation	p. 434
Strong Segregation	p. 434
Direct Measurement of Polymer Size	p. 434
Order--Disorder Transition and Microphase Separation	p. 436
Leibler Theory	p. 436
Micellar Precursor	p. 437
Fluctuation Effects on the Order--Disorder Transition	p. 438
Order--Disorder Transition Dependence of Pressure	p. 440
Order--Disorder Transition Dependence on Shear	p. 442
Ordered Phases	p. 444
Conformational Asymmetry	p. 446
Thermodynamically Stable Ordered Structures	p. 446
Epitaxy	p. 450
Conclusions	p. 451
Acknowledgements	p. 451
Glossary of Symbols	p. 451
References	p. 453
Time-Resolved SAXS/WAXS Experiments	p. 457
Introduction	p. 458
Instrumentation for SAXS/WAXS Experiments	p. 462
X-ray Sources, Detectors and Data-analysis	p. 462
Rotating Anode X-ray Generator	p. 462
Synchrotron Radiation Beamlines	p. 462
Position Sensitive Detectors	p. 465
Normalisation	p. 467
Data Analysis	p. 467
Data Collection Strategy	p. 469
Isotropic Scatterers	p. 470
Anisotropic Scatterers	p. 472
Instrumental Limitations	p. 472
Time Resolution	p. 472
Accessible Scattering Vector Range	p. 477
Sample Environments	p. 478
Determining the Limiting Parameters	p. 478
Examples	p. 481
Examples of Isotropically Scattering Systems	p. 481
Isotactic Polypropylene	p. 481
Heat Treatment of Cordierite Glass	p. 485
Examples of Anisotropically Scattering Systems	p. 487
Examples of Combinations with Other Techniques	p. 489
Conclusions	p. 490
Acknowledgements	p. 490
Glossary of Symbols	p. 491
References	p. 491
Polymer Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films Studied by X-ray and Neutron Reflectometry	p. 495
Introduction	p. 496
The Contrast between Components	p. 497
The Reflection of X-rays and Neutrons	p. 498
Sample Preparation	p. 504
Instrumentation	p. 505
Advantages and Limitations of the Technique	p. 506
Surface Roughness and Structures in Thin Films	p. 507
Interface Roughness	p. 507
Structure in Thin Films	p. 508
Capillary Waves and Correlated Roughness between Different Interfaces	p. 510
Dewetting and Demixing in Thin Polymer Films	p. 513
Conformation and Dynamics of Polymers at Interfaces	p. 516
Interfaces between Incompatible Polymers	p. 518
Theoretical Aspects	p. 520
Interfaces between Polystyrene (PS)/Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)	p. 522
PS/poly(styrene-stat-para bromo styrene) (PBr[subscript x]S)	p. 525
Correlation between Interface Width and Adhesion	p. 526
Interdiffusion at the Interface between Compatible Polymers	p. 528
Initial Stages of Segment Diffusion at the Interface	p. 528
Influence of Chain Mobility on Segment Diffusion	p. 529
Conclusion	p. 530
Acknowledgements	p. 530
Glossary of Symbols	p. 531
References	p. 531
Polymer Dynamics by Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy	p. 535
Introduction	p. 535
Quasielastic Neutron Scattering	p. 537
Principles of the Method	p. 537
Neutron Spin Echo Technique	p. 540
Neutron Spin Manipulations with Magnetic Fields	p. 540
The Spin Echo Spectrometer	p. 542
Local Relaxation Processes	p. 544
Dynamic Structure Factor	p. 545
Results on Polybutadiene	p. 547
Entropy Driven Dynamics--The Rouse Regime	p. 550
Entropic Forces--The Rouse Model	p. 550
Dynamic Structure Factors for the Rouse Model	p. 552
Neutron Spin Echo Results at PDMS Melts	p. 554
Onset of Entanglements	p. 559
Long Chains--Reptation	p. 563
Summary	p. 571
Glossary of Symbols	p. 572
References	p. 573
Index	p. 577
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Scattering in Polymeric and Colloidal Systems

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