Preface | p. ix |
The Authors | p. xiii |
Introduction to Sediment Contamination and Management | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Sustainable Development and the Aquatic Geoenvironment | p. 3 |
Sources of Pollutants | p. 3 |
Management of Contaminated Sediments | p. 9 |
Natural Mitigation Processes | p. 11 |
Bioaccumulation of Contaminants | p. 12 |
Sustainable Sediment Management Practices | p. 14 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 16 |
References | p. 17 |
Introduction to Sediments | p. 19 |
Introduction | p. 19 |
Definition of Sediments | p. 21 |
Types of Sediments | p. 21 |
Types of Sediments by Components | p. 22 |
Primary Minerals | p. 23 |
Secondary Minerals | p. 23 |
Organic Matter | p. 24 |
Oxides and Hydrous Oxides | p. 24 |
Carbonates and Sulfates | p. 24 |
Types of Sediments by Grain Size | p. 24 |
Structure of Sediments | p. 26 |
Benthos | p. 30 |
Uses of Sediments and Water | p. 31 |
Management of Sediments | p. 32 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 33 |
References | p. 33 |
Contaminant-Sediment Interactions | p. 35 |
Introduction | p. 35 |
Factors Influencing Contaminant-Sediment Interactions | p. 35 |
Specific Surface Area (SSA) | p. 35 |
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) | p. 39 |
Sorption of Pollutants and Partition Coefficients | p. 41 |
Partitioning of Inorganic Pollutants | p. 44 |
Selective Sequential Extraction | p. 47 |
Organic Chemical Pollutants | p. 50 |
Biotransformation and Degradation of Organic Chemicals and Heavy Metals | p. 54 |
Bioremediation Processes | p. 56 |
Bioattenuation and Bioavailability | p. 58 |
Interaction of Contaminants, Organisms, and Sediments | p. 59 |
Bioaccumulation | p. 59 |
Bioturbation | p. 60 |
Chemical Reactions, Geochemical Speciation, and Transport Predictions | p. 62 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 64 |
References | p. 65 |
Remediation Assessment, Sampling, and Monitoring | p. 71 |
Introduction | p. 71 |
Cleanup Goals and Background Values | p. 72 |
Sampling | p. 72 |
Analysis and Evaluation | p. 77 |
Mechanical Properties | p. 77 |
Strength for Sediments | p. 77 |
Consolidation | p. 79 |
Physical Properties | p. 79 |
Sediment Temperature | p. 79 |
Grain Size | p. 80 |
Specific Gravity | p. 81 |
Chemical Sediment Quality | p. 82 |
pH | p. 82 |
Organic Pollution Indicators | p. 83 |
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) | p. 83 |
Loss on Ignition (Ignition Loss) | p. 83 |
Nitrogen | p. 84 |
Phosphorus | p. 85 |
Toxic Substances-Trace Metals | p. 86 |
Toxic Substances-Organic Micropollutants | p. 88 |
Other Environmental Indicators | p. 90 |
Test Kits | p. 91 |
Decision Making Using Indicators | p. 92 |
Case Studies | p. 93 |
Investigation of Port Sediments | p. 93 |
Lake Sediments | p. 97 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 102 |
References | p. 105 |
Natural Recovery of Contaminated Sediments | p. 109 |
Introduction | p. 109 |
Natural Recovery Processes of Sediments | p. 111 |
Evaluation of the Natural Recovery of Sediments | p. 113 |
Models for Natural Remediation | p. 119 |
Deposition Rate | p. 121 |
Source Loading | p. 121 |
Hydrodynamic Parameters | p. 121 |
Regulatory Framework | p. 122 |
Protocols Developed for Monitored Natural Recovery | p. 122 |
Case Studies of Natural Recovery | p. 124 |
Enhanced Natural Recovery | p. 129 |
Concluding Remarks | p. I30 |
References | p. 131 |
In Situ Remediation and Management of Contaminated Sediments | p. 135 |
Introduction | p. 135 |
In Situ Capping | p. 135 |
Design Factors for Sand Capping | p. 137 |
Consolidation | p. 137 |
Rough Estimate of Cap Thickness for Advection | p. 140 |
Contaminant Transport | p. 142 |
Active Capping | p. 144 |
Rehabilitation of the Coastal Marine Environment | p. 144 |
Eutrophication | p. 145 |
Contamination | p. 145 |
Distribution of Contaminated Particles | p. 146 |
Resuspension Method for Removal of Contaminated Sediment Particles | p. 147 |
Technology for Sediment Remediation by Resuspension | p. 148 |
Design of a Filter Unit | p. 149 |
Chemical Remediation Technologies | p. 150 |
Biological Remediation Technologies | p. 153 |
Creation of Seaweed Swards | p. 156 |
Case Studies of Remediation | p. 158 |
Contaminated Sediment Capping Projects | p. 158 |
Steel Slag | p. 159 |
Bioremediation | p. 161 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 163 |
References | p. 164 |
Dredging and the Remediation of Dredged Contaminated Sediments | p. 169 |
Introduction | p. 169 |
Sustainable Dredging Strategies | p. 171 |
Physical Remediation Technologies | p. 172 |
Physical Separation | p. 173 |
Sediment Washing | p. 174 |
Flotation | p. 180 |
Ultrasonic Cleaning | p. 180 |
Chemical/Thermal Remediation | p. 180 |
Oxidation | p. 182 |
Electrokinetic Remediation | p. 183 |
Solidification/Stabilization | p. 185 |
Vitrification | p. 186 |
Thermal Extraction | p. 189 |
Biological Remediation | p. 190 |
Slurry Reactors | p. 191 |
Landfarming | p. 191 |
Composting | p. 193 |
Bioleaching | p. 195 |
Bioconversion Processes | p. 195 |
Phytoremediation | p. 195 |
Beneficial Use of Sediments | p. 196 |
Confined Disposal | p. 198 |
Comparison between Treatment Technologies | p. 200 |
Case Studies of Remediation | p. 201 |
Remediation of Sediments Contaminated with Dioxin | p. 201 |
Dredging Case Study | p. 202 |
Case Study of a Washing Process | p. 204 |
Biotreatment Case Study | p. 204 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 206 |
References | p. 209 |
Management and Evaluation of Treatment Alternatives for Sediments | p. 215 |
Introduction | p. 215 |
Generic Framework | p. 215 |
Remediation Objectives | p. 216 |
Lines of Evidence | p. 219 |
Evaluation of the Management Alternatives | p. 219 |
MNR | p. 221 |
Dredging | p. 222 |
In Situ Capping | p. 223 |
Selection of Technologies | p. 224 |
Management Plan | p. 226 |
Sustainable Remediation | p. 234 |
Strategy for Remediated Sediment Sustainability | p. 235 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 238 |
References | p. 239 |
Current State and Future Directions | p. 241 |
Introduction | p. 241 |
Disposal at Sea | p. 242 |
Beneficial Use of Dredged Materials | p. 243 |
Sustainability Evaluation | p. 246 |
Case Study of Lachine Canal | p. 249 |
Barriers to Technology Development and Implementation | p. 253 |
Current Needs and Future Directions | p. 253 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 257 |
References | p. 258 |
Sediment Quality Guidelines from Environment Canada and MDDHP, 2008 | p. 261 |
References | p. 266 |
London Convention and Protocol: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 | p. 267 |
Introduction | p. 267 |
The 1978 Amendments-Incineration | p. 268 |
The 1978 Amendments-Disputes | p. 268 |
The 1980 Amendments-List of Substances | p. 268 |
The 1989 Amendments | p. 268 |
The 1993 Amendments | p. 269 |
1996 Protocol | p. 269 |
Permitted Dumping | p. 270 |
2006 Amendments to the 1996 Protocol | p. 271 |
Prediction of Sediment Toxicity Using Consensus Based Freshwater Sediment Quality Guidelines: USGS. 2000. Prediction of sediment toxicity using consensus based freshwater sediment quality guidelines. EPA 905/R-00/007, June 2000 | p. 273 |
References | p. 275 |
International Sediment Quality Criteria | p. 277 |
Hong Kong | p. 278 |
The Republic of Korea | p. 279 |
Australia and New Zealand | p. 279 |
Australia and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality | p. 279 |
National Ocean Disposal Guidelines for Dredged Material | p. 279 |
Canada | p. 279 |
United States | p. 279 |
USEPA | p. 279 |
USACE | p. 280 |
U.S. State Guidelines | p. 280 |
Florida | p. 280 |
New York | p. 281 |
Washington State | p. 281 |
Sediment Quality Chemical Criteria | p. 281 |
Wisconsin | p. 284 |
Europe | p. 284 |
European Legislation | p. 284 |
EC Legislation | p. 284 |
Classification of Dredged Material in the EC Region | p. 284 |
Belgium | p. 284 |
Finland | p. 285 |
France | p. 286 |
Germany | p. 286 |
Ireland | p. 288 |
The Netherlands | p. 288 |
Norway | p. 292 |
Portugal | p. 293 |
Spain | p. 293 |
Sweden | p. 294 |
The United Kingdom | p. 294 |
Qatar | p. 296 |
Index | p. 297 |
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