
Semiconductor Modeling
For Simulating Signal, Power, and Electromagnetic Integrity
By: Roy G. Leventhal, Lynne Green, Darren J. Carpenter
Hardcover | 29 November 2006
At a Glance
792 Pages
23.39 x 15.6 x 4.14
Hardcover
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Semiconductor Modeling: For Simulating Signal, Power, and Electromagnetic Integrity assists engineers - both recent graduates and working product designers - in designing high-speed circuits. The authors apply circuit theory, circuit simulation tools, and practical experience to help the engineer understand semiconductor modeling as applied to high-speed digital designs. The emphasis is on semiconductor modeling, with PCB transmission line effects, equipment enclosure effects, and other modeling issues discussed as needed. The text addresses many practical considerations, including process variation, model accuracy, validation and verification, signal integrity, and design flow. Readers will benefit from its survey of modeling for semiconductors, packages, and interconnects, along with usable advice on how to get complex, high-speed prototypes to work on the first try.
Highlights include:
- Presents a very complete and well-balanced treatment of modeling of semiconductors, packages, and interconnects. Facilitates reader comprehension of the whole field of high-speed modeling, including digital and RF circuits.
- Combines practical modeling techniques with the latest EDA tools for simulation and successful high-speed digital design. Facilitates resolution of practical, every-day problems.
- Presents modeling from its historical roots to current state of the art. Facilitates keeping abreast of the latest modeling developments as they continue to unfold.
- Includes a CD-ROM with modeling software and additional model examples.
Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
How the Workplace Supports Successful Design | p. 3 |
High-Speed Digital Design Is Challenging | p. 3 |
Needs for Technical Specialization | p. 6 |
The Role of Processes and Procedures | p. 7 |
Using Judgment When Making Design Tradeoffs | p. 8 |
HSDD Needs the Help of EDA Tools | p. 9 |
HSDD Needs a Team That Extends Beyond the Company | p. 9 |
HSDD Team Members Often Have Their Own Agendas | p. 10 |
HSDD Simulations Performed in the Workplace | p. 11 |
Modeling and Simulation Versus Prototype and Debug | p. 12 |
Ten Tips for Modeling and Simulation | p. 13 |
Summary | p. 13 |
Introduction to Modeling Concepts | p. 15 |
Modeling and Simulation for All Scales of System Size | p. 15 |
Communicating Across Specialties | p. 15 |
What Is a Model? | p. 16 |
What Is a System? | p. 18 |
Needs for Model Accuracy Change as a Design Progresses | p. 20 |
There Are Many Kinds of Models and Simulations | p. 22 |
Modeling and Simulation for Systems | p. 23 |
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Design | p. 24 |
Analog Issues in Digital Design | p. 27 |
Noise Modeling on Electrical Signals | p. 34 |
Additional Design Issues to Model and Simulate | p. 36 |
Using EDA Tools for Semiconductors | p. 41 |
Using EDA Tools for Board Interconnections | p. 43 |
Looking Ahead in the Book | p. 45 |
Summary | p. 45 |
Generating Models | p. 47 |
Model Properties Derived from Device Physics Theory | p. 49 |
Introduction | p. 49 |
Why Deep Sub-Micron Technology Is Complex | p. 50 |
Models Extracted from Semiconductor Design Theory | p. 52 |
Example of the BJT Process | p. 53 |
How BJT and FET Construction Affect Their Operation | p. 54 |
Calculating Device Physics Properties | p. 65 |
Examples of Computing Electrical Properties from Structure | p. 71 |
Examples of SPICE Models and Parameters | p. 75 |
Modeling Packaging Interconnections | p. 90 |
Summary | p. 93 |
Measuring Model Properties in the Laboratory | p. 95 |
Introduction to Model Measurements | p. 95 |
Matrix Models | p. 97 |
Scattering-Parameter Models | p. 103 |
SPICE Models | p. 106 |
IBIS Models | p. 114 |
Web Sites for IBIS Visual Editors and Other Tools | p. 126 |
TDR/TDT - VNA Measurements | p. 126 |
RLGC Matrixes | p. 127 |
Field Solver RLGC Extraction for ICs | p. 130 |
What is Model Synthesis? | p. 130 |
Test Equipment Providers | p. 130 |
Software for Test Equipment Control | p. 131 |
Summary | p. 132 |
Using Statistical Data to Characterize Component Populations | p. 133 |
Why Process Variation Is Important | p. 133 |
Achieving Process Control with Population Statistics | p. 133 |
Basics of Population Statistics | p. 134 |
Characterization for Six-Sigma Quality | p. 144 |
Six-Sigma Quality for Modeling and Design | p. 149 |
Summary | p. 150 |
Selecting Components and Their Models | p. 151 |
Using Selection Guides to Compare and Contrast Components | p. 153 |
Tools for Making Component Choices | p. 153 |
Team Members Use of Selection Guides | p. 155 |
Selection Guide Examples | p. 156 |
Selection Guides Help Component Standardization | p. 161 |
Simulation as a Selection Guide | p. 161 |
Right-Thinking | p. 166 |
Summary | p. 167 |
Using Data Sheets to Compare and Contrast Components | p. 169 |
Data Sheets as Product Descriptions | p. 169 |
Are Data Sheets Accurate and Complete? | p. 173 |
Selecting a Component That Is Fit for Use | p. 175 |
Using Data Sheets to Begin the Selection Process | p. 176 |
Construction Characteristics of Amplifiers and Switches | p. 178 |
Using Beta to Explain Device Tradeoffs | p. 179 |
Comparing Five BJTs to Illustrate Making a Selection | p. 182 |
Process for Making Tradeoffs | p. 195 |
Additional Choices for Picking a Component | p. 197 |
Thoughts About the Physical Design Examples | p. 197 |
Summary | p. 198 |
Selecting the Best Model for a Simulation | p. 199 |
From Component Choice to Model Choice | p. 199 |
Questions That Modeling and Simulation Can Answer | p. 200 |
Types of Models | p. 201 |
Using Symbols and Schematics to Represent Models | p. 202 |
Major Types of Models | p. 205 |
Compare Models by Simulation Performance | p. 211 |
Additional Model Comparisons | p. 221 |
Recommendations for Modeling | p. 223 |
Converting a Model to Another Type of Model | p. 227 |
Transform Models for Systems | p. 234 |
Summary | p. 241 |
Modeling and Simulation in the Design Process Flow | p. 243 |
Simulation in the Design Process | p. 243 |
A Typical Design Flow | p. 244 |
Strategy of Modeling and Simulation in Design | p. 248 |
Acquiring IBIS Models: An Overview | p. 249 |
Summary | p. 257 |
About the IBIS Model | p. 259 |
Key Concepts of the IBIS Specification | p. 261 |
Introduction | p. 261 |
IBIS Specification | p. 264 |
Sample IBIS Data File | p. 283 |
Parsing and Checking IBIS Data Files | p. 294 |
Schematic of a Basic IBIS Model | p. 297 |
How IBIS Circuit Modeling Methodology Is Used | p. 301 |
IBIS Test Circuits | p. 309 |
ISO 9000 Process Documentation for IBIS Models | p. 310 |
Summary | p. 314 |
Using IBIS Models in What-If Simulations | p. 315 |
A New Method of Design and Development | p. 315 |
Virtual Experiments | p. 316 |
Virtual Experiment Techniques | p. 316 |
Propagation Delay in High-Speed Nets | p. 317 |
Why We Use the IBIS Model | p. 318 |
Data Used in Experiments | p. 320 |
Experiment 1: Output Drive Capabity Versus Load | p. 322 |
Experiment 2: C_comp Loading | p. 327 |
All-Important Zo: Algorithms and Field Solvers | p. 332 |
Experiment 3: Edge Rate of a Driver and Reflections | p. 333 |
Experiment 4: Using V-T Data Versus a Ramp | p. 336 |
Experiment 5: Parasitics and Packaging Effects | p. 346 |
Experiment 6: Environmental and Population Variables | p. 349 |
Other Considerations: Timing and Noise Margin Issues | p. 352 |
Experiment 7: Vol from Simulation Versus Data Sheet | p. 356 |
How IBIS Handles Simulator Issues | p. 358 |
Summary | p. 359 |
Fixing Errors and Omissions in IBIS Models | p. 361 |
IBIS Model Validation Steps | p. 361 |
Process and Product Improvement Steps | p. 362 |
Step 1: Detect and Acknowledge the Quality Problem | p. 363 |
Step 2: Diagnose the Problem's Root Cause | p. 364 |
Step 3: Design a Fix Based on Root Cause | p. 366 |
Step 4: Verify the Fix | p. 370 |
Step 5: Archive Corrected Models | p. 372 |
Beyond Parsers and Checklists: Simulations and Reality Checking | p. 372 |
Tools Provided by the IBIS Committee | p. 374 |
IBIS Common Errors Checklist and Correction Procedures | p. 382 |
3Com's ISO 9000 Process for IBIS Models | p. 386 |
IBIS Model Acceptance and Legitimacy | p. 391 |
Summary | p. 394 |
Using EDA Tools to Create and Validate IBIS Models from SPICE | p. 395 |
Introduction | p. 395 |
I/O Buffer Example | p. 396 |
SPICE-to-IBIS Conversion Methodology | p. 399 |
Modeling Passive Interconnections in IBIS | p. 414 |
IBIS Model Validation | p. 415 |
Summary | p. 422 |
Managing Models | p. 425 |
Sources of IBIS Models | p. 427 |
Model Needs Change as a Product is Developed | p. 427 |
List of IBIS Model Sources | p. 428 |
Using Default Models to Get Started | p. 430 |
Using the Company's Model Library | p. 430 |
Using the EDA Tool Provider's Model Library | p. 430 |
Searching the Web for the Supplier's Model | p. 431 |
Requesting Models Directly from the Supplier | p. 434 |
Purchasing a Commercial Third-Party Model Library | p. 436 |
Using Models Adapted from Other Models | p. 437 |
Review | p. 440 |
Purchasing Custom Models from a Third-Party | p. 441 |
Converting SPICE Models to IBIS Models | p. 441 |
Using a Supplier's Preliminary Models | p. 441 |
Asking SI-List and IBIS E-mail Reflectors for Help | p. 450 |
Modeling Tools on the IBIS Website | p. 451 |
Summary | p. 452 |
Working with the Model Library | p. 453 |
The Best Way to Manage Models | p. 453 |
Component Standardization and Library Management | p. 458 |
Storing and Retrieving Model Files | p. 470 |
Assigning Models to Components in EDA Simulators | p. 473 |
Flexibility in Model Choices at Run Time | p. 476 |
Summary | p. 476 |
Model Accuracy and Verification | p. 477 |
Methodology for Verifying Models | p. 479 |
Overview of Model Verification | p. 479 |
Model Verification Methodology | p. 481 |
Verifying SPICE Models | p. 489 |
Verifying PDS Models | p. 497 |
Verifying IBIS Models | p. 503 |
Verifying Other Model Types | p. 508 |
Summary | p. 510 |
Verifying Model Accuracy by Using Laboratory Measurements | p. 511 |
Introduction | p. 511 |
Instrumentation Loading as a Source of Errors | p. 512 |
Other Test Setup Errors | p. 517 |
Signal Noise as a Source of Errors | p. 519 |
Measurement Definitions and Terms as a Source of Errors | p. 520 |
Two Ways to Correlate Models with Measurements | p. 522 |
Involving Production in Verification | p. 523 |
An EMI/EMC Example | p. 523 |
Correlating Unit-by-Unit Model Measurements | p. 524 |
Statistical Envelope Correlation | p. 525 |
Signal Integrity and Correlation | p. 526 |
Waveform Correlation | p. 527 |
Computational Electromagnetics and the Feature Selective Validation Method | p. 530 |
IBIS Golden Waveforms | p. 534 |
How Unexpected Errors Led to an Advance in Modeling | p. 535 |
Recommended Verification Strategy | p. 541 |
Summary | p. 544 |
Balancing Accuracy Against Practicality When Correlating Simulation Results | p. 545 |
Establishing Absolute Accuracy Is Difficult | p. 545 |
Is a Model Accurate Enough to Be Usable? | p. 547 |
Model Accuracy Definitions | p. 547 |
Confidence Limits in Measurements and Simulations | p. 548 |
How Much to Guard-Band Design Simulation? | p. 549 |
Differences in Accuracy, Dispersion, and Precision for Simulation and Measurement | p. 550 |
Model Limitations | p. 551 |
Standardizafion and the Compact Model Council | p. 551 |
Summary | p. 554 |
Deriving an Equation-Based Model from a Macromodel | p. 555 |
A "New" RF Design Challenge | p. 555 |
Background | p. 555 |
Applying the RF Example to High-Speed Digital Circuits | p. 556 |
Predicted and Measured Results | p. 558 |
Reverse Isolation Analyzed | p. 559 |
Optimizing Single-Stage Reverse Isolation | p. 566 |
Combining Stages for Power Isolation | p. 567 |
Calculations Versus Measurements | p. 569 |
Construction and Test Techniques | p. 569 |
Summary | p. 570 |
Future Directions in Modeling | p. 571 |
The Challenge to IBIS | p. 573 |
Emerging Simulation Requirements | p. 573 |
The Leading Contenders to Change IBIS | p. 576 |
Models in the Context of Simplification | p. 577 |
Physical Modeling | p. 578 |
Behavioral Modeling | p. 580 |
Developing a Macromodel from the Behavioral Model | p. 588 |
Developing a SPICE Macromodel from a Physical Model | p. 592 |
Limitations in Models Due to Simplification | p. 608 |
AMS Modeling Simplified | p. 610 |
Limitations Because of Parameter Variation | p. 618 |
Limitations of Deterministic Modeling and Design | p. 621 |
Summary | p. 629 |
Feedback to the Model Provider Improves Model Accuracy | p. 631 |
Continuing Need for Better Models | p. 631 |
How Far We Have Come | p. 632 |
Four-Step Universal Process for Improvement | p. 633 |
Specs That Swim Upstream: A New Approach | p. 633 |
Warnings About Doing What-If Model Simulations | p. 634 |
Selling the Idea of Better Models and Simulation | p. 635 |
Summary | p. 640 |
Future Trends in Modeling | p. 641 |
Bridges to the Future | p. 641 |
Challenge of HSDD | p. 642 |
How Design Methods Have Changed | p. 644 |
Attitudes in EMI/EMC about Modeling and Simulation | p. 645 |
High-Speed Design Is Becoming More Challenging | p. 646 |
Advantages of SPICE, S-Parameters, and IBIS | p. 648 |
Combining Models and EDA Tools to Design High-Speed Serial Busses | p. 654 |
IBIS: Past, Present, and Future Specification Additions | p. 655 |
Advantages of Pre-Layout Simulation for EMI/EMC | p. 659 |
Interconnection Design Applied to EMI/EMC | p. 660 |
Modeling for Power Integrity and EMI/EMC | p. 661 |
Computational Electromagnetics | p. 671 |
EDA Tool Supplier Survey | p. 676 |
Risk Management and the Limitations of Simulation | p. 681 |
Summary | p. 681 |
Using Probability: The Ultimate Future of Simulation | p. 683 |
Introduction | p. 683 |
Limitations of Deterministic Modeling and Design | p. 685 |
A New Approach: Probabilistic Modeling | p. 687 |
Complexity of the EMI Chain of Cause and Effect | p. 688 |
Risk Management Mathematics | p. 689 |
Identical Equipments Case | p. 692 |
Non-Identical Equipments Case | p. 693 |
Risk Assessment | p. 693 |
Distribution Examples | p. 694 |
Review of Probability Distributions | p. 701 |
Follow Up Simulation with Product Assurance | p. 702 |
Summary | p. 703 |
Glossary, Bibliography, Index, and CD-ROM | p. 705 |
Glossary | p. 707 |
Bibliography | p. 733 |
Index | p. 745 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780387241593
ISBN-10: 0387241590
Published: 29th November 2006
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 792
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 23.39 x 15.6 x 4.14
Weight (kg): 1.43
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