| Foreword | p. vii |
| Preface | p. ix |
| Introduction to Sensory Evaluation | p. 1 |
| Introduction and objective | p. 1 |
| Historical background | p. 8 |
| Development of sensory evaluation | p. 12 |
| Defining sensory evaluation | p. 15 |
| A physiological and psychological perspective | p. 17 |
| The Organization and Operation of a Sensory Evaluation Program | p. 23 |
| Introduction | p. 23 |
| Organizing a sensory evaluation program | p. 26 |
| Goals and objectives | p. 30 |
| Program strategy | p. 32 |
| Professional staff | p. 34 |
| Facilities | p. 39 |
| Test methods | p. 54 |
| Selection of subjects | p. 55 |
| Subject screening procedures | p. 60 |
| Performance monitoring and motivation | p. 68 |
| Requests and reports | p. 71 |
| Operations manual | p. 75 |
| Planning and research | p. 76 |
| Strategic use of research vendors | p. 76 |
| Conclusions | p. 78 |
| Measurement | p. 81 |
| Introduction | p. 81 |
| Components of measurement: scales | p. 83 |
| Nominal scales | p. 86 |
| Ordinal scales | p. 88 |
| Interval scales | p. 96 |
| Ratio scales | p. 97 |
| Selected measurement techniques | p. 101 |
| Hedonic scale | p. 101 |
| Face scales | p. 104 |
| Labeled affective magnitude scale | p. 106 |
| Just-about-right scale | p. 106 |
| Other scales of interest | p. 112 |
| Conclusion | p. 115 |
| Test Strategy and the Design of Experiments | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 118 |
| Test request and objective | p. 120 |
| Product criteria | p. 121 |
| Psychological errors | p. 122 |
| Error of central tendency | p. 123 |
| Time-order error | p. 124 |
| Error of expectation | p. 125 |
| Error of habituation and of anticipation | p. 125 |
| Stimulus error | p. 126 |
| Logical error and leniency error | p. 126 |
| Halo effect | p. 126 |
| Proximity error | p. 127 |
| Contrast and convergence errors | p. 127 |
| Statistical considerations | p. 129 |
| Reliability and validity | p. 132 |
| Replication | p. 134 |
| Independence and dependence of judgments | p. 136 |
| Random selection of subjects | p. 136 |
| Risk in the decision-making process: Type 1 and Type 2 errors | p. 136 |
| Statistical measures | p. 139 |
| Experimental design considerations | p. 154 |
| Selected product designs | p. 157 |
| Discrimination Testing | p. 167 |
| Introduction | p. 168 |
| Methods | p. 172 |
| Paired-comparison test | p. 172 |
| Duo-trio test | p. 174 |
| Triangle test | p. 176 |
| Other test methods | p. 178 |
| Components of testing | p. 179 |
| Organization and test management | p. 179 |
| Test requests | p. 181 |
| Test objectives | p. 182 |
| Test procedures | p. 183 |
| Data analysis and interpretation | p. 199 |
| The just-noticeable difference | p. 225 |
| Special problems | p. 226 |
| Is there preference after difference? | p. 226 |
| Magnitude of degree of difference | p. 228 |
| Equivalency and similarity testing | p. 229 |
| Description of difference | p. 230 |
| Summary | p. 230 |
| Descriptive Analysis | p. 233 |
| Introduction | p. 233 |
| Test methods | p. 245 |
| Flavor profile | p. 245 |
| Texture profile | p. 247 |
| Quantitative descriptive analysis (the QDA method) | p. 250 |
| Spectrum descriptive analysis | p. 275 |
| Free-choice profiling | p. 278 |
| Other methods | p. 280 |
| Experts and expert panels | p. 280 |
| Applications for descriptive analysis | p. 286 |
| Conclusions | p. 289 |
| Affective Testing | p. 291 |
| Introduction | p. 291 |
| Methods | p. 295 |
| Paired comparison | p. 296 |
| Hedonic scale | p. 300 |
| Other methods | p. 301 |
| Subjects | p. 304 |
| Types of acceptance testing | p. 307 |
| Laboratory testing | p. 307 |
| Central location testing | p. 310 |
| Special types of central location tests | p. 311 |
| In-home-use tests | p. 313 |
| Other types of acceptance tests | p. 318 |
| Special issues | p. 319 |
| Sensory science versus marketing research/consumer insights | p. 319 |
| The difference-preference test | p. 320 |
| The curse of N | p. 321 |
| The scorecard as a short story | p. 322 |
| The many ways to ask the preference question | p. 323 |
| What question do I ask first? | p. 324 |
| Conclusions | p. 325 |
| Strategic Applications | p. 327 |
| Introduction | p. 327 |
| Front end of innovation | p. 329 |
| Product development | p. 334 |
| Product optimization | p. 345 |
| Sensory, physical, and chemical relationships | p. 356 |
| Stability testing | p. 363 |
| Quality control | p. 370 |
| Market audits | p. 384 |
| Extended-use testing | p. 386 |
| Sensory and legal claims for advertising | p. 388 |
| Conclusion | p. 393 |
| Epilogue | p. 395 |
| Introduction | p. 395 |
| Educating the sensory professional | p. 398 |
| The future | p. 404 |
| References | p. 407 |
| Index | p. 425 |
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