Foreword | p. vii |
Preface | p. ix |
Introduction to Sensory Evaluation | p. 1 |
Introduction and objective | p. 1 |
Historical background | p. 8 |
Development of sensory evaluation | p. 12 |
Defining sensory evaluation | p. 15 |
A physiological and psychological perspective | p. 17 |
The Organization and Operation of a Sensory Evaluation Program | p. 23 |
Introduction | p. 23 |
Organizing a sensory evaluation program | p. 26 |
Goals and objectives | p. 30 |
Program strategy | p. 32 |
Professional staff | p. 34 |
Facilities | p. 39 |
Test methods | p. 54 |
Selection of subjects | p. 55 |
Subject screening procedures | p. 60 |
Performance monitoring and motivation | p. 68 |
Requests and reports | p. 71 |
Operations manual | p. 75 |
Planning and research | p. 76 |
Strategic use of research vendors | p. 76 |
Conclusions | p. 78 |
Measurement | p. 81 |
Introduction | p. 81 |
Components of measurement: scales | p. 83 |
Nominal scales | p. 86 |
Ordinal scales | p. 88 |
Interval scales | p. 96 |
Ratio scales | p. 97 |
Selected measurement techniques | p. 101 |
Hedonic scale | p. 101 |
Face scales | p. 104 |
Labeled affective magnitude scale | p. 106 |
Just-about-right scale | p. 106 |
Other scales of interest | p. 112 |
Conclusion | p. 115 |
Test Strategy and the Design of Experiments | p. 117 |
Introduction | p. 118 |
Test request and objective | p. 120 |
Product criteria | p. 121 |
Psychological errors | p. 122 |
Error of central tendency | p. 123 |
Time-order error | p. 124 |
Error of expectation | p. 125 |
Error of habituation and of anticipation | p. 125 |
Stimulus error | p. 126 |
Logical error and leniency error | p. 126 |
Halo effect | p. 126 |
Proximity error | p. 127 |
Contrast and convergence errors | p. 127 |
Statistical considerations | p. 129 |
Reliability and validity | p. 132 |
Replication | p. 134 |
Independence and dependence of judgments | p. 136 |
Random selection of subjects | p. 136 |
Risk in the decision-making process: Type 1 and Type 2 errors | p. 136 |
Statistical measures | p. 139 |
Experimental design considerations | p. 154 |
Selected product designs | p. 157 |
Discrimination Testing | p. 167 |
Introduction | p. 168 |
Methods | p. 172 |
Paired-comparison test | p. 172 |
Duo-trio test | p. 174 |
Triangle test | p. 176 |
Other test methods | p. 178 |
Components of testing | p. 179 |
Organization and test management | p. 179 |
Test requests | p. 181 |
Test objectives | p. 182 |
Test procedures | p. 183 |
Data analysis and interpretation | p. 199 |
The just-noticeable difference | p. 225 |
Special problems | p. 226 |
Is there preference after difference? | p. 226 |
Magnitude of degree of difference | p. 228 |
Equivalency and similarity testing | p. 229 |
Description of difference | p. 230 |
Summary | p. 230 |
Descriptive Analysis | p. 233 |
Introduction | p. 233 |
Test methods | p. 245 |
Flavor profile | p. 245 |
Texture profile | p. 247 |
Quantitative descriptive analysis (the QDA method) | p. 250 |
Spectrum descriptive analysis | p. 275 |
Free-choice profiling | p. 278 |
Other methods | p. 280 |
Experts and expert panels | p. 280 |
Applications for descriptive analysis | p. 286 |
Conclusions | p. 289 |
Affective Testing | p. 291 |
Introduction | p. 291 |
Methods | p. 295 |
Paired comparison | p. 296 |
Hedonic scale | p. 300 |
Other methods | p. 301 |
Subjects | p. 304 |
Types of acceptance testing | p. 307 |
Laboratory testing | p. 307 |
Central location testing | p. 310 |
Special types of central location tests | p. 311 |
In-home-use tests | p. 313 |
Other types of acceptance tests | p. 318 |
Special issues | p. 319 |
Sensory science versus marketing research/consumer insights | p. 319 |
The difference-preference test | p. 320 |
The curse of N | p. 321 |
The scorecard as a short story | p. 322 |
The many ways to ask the preference question | p. 323 |
What question do I ask first? | p. 324 |
Conclusions | p. 325 |
Strategic Applications | p. 327 |
Introduction | p. 327 |
Front end of innovation | p. 329 |
Product development | p. 334 |
Product optimization | p. 345 |
Sensory, physical, and chemical relationships | p. 356 |
Stability testing | p. 363 |
Quality control | p. 370 |
Market audits | p. 384 |
Extended-use testing | p. 386 |
Sensory and legal claims for advertising | p. 388 |
Conclusion | p. 393 |
Epilogue | p. 395 |
Introduction | p. 395 |
Educating the sensory professional | p. 398 |
The future | p. 404 |
References | p. 407 |
Index | p. 425 |
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