| Preface | p. xiii |
| List of Tables | p. xv |
| Introduction | p. xvii |
| Basic Characteristics of Sheet-Metal Forming Processes | p. xvii |
| Categories of Sheet-Metal Forming Processes | p. xvii |
| Characteristics of Sheet-Metal Parts and Their Technological Properties | p. xviii |
| Theoretical Fundamentals | p. 1 |
| The Structure of Metals | p. 3 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| The Crystal Structure of Metals | p. 3 |
| Deformation and the Strength of Crystals | p. 6 |
| Imperfections in the Crystal Structure of Metals | p. 7 |
| Grain Sizes and Boundaries | p. 9 |
| Strain Hardening | p. 10 |
| Recovery and Recrystalization | p. 11 |
| Mechanical Behavior of Materials | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| Stress / Strain Curves | p. 16 |
| Ductility | p. 18 |
| True Stress and True Strain | p. 19 |
| Manufacturing Processes | p. 21 |
| Shearing Process | p. 23 |
| Mechanics of Shearing | p. 23 |
| Shearing Forces | p. 23 |
| Shearing with Straight Parallel Cutters | p. 24 |
| Shearing with Straight Inclined Cutters | p. 25 |
| Shearing with Rotary Cutters | p. 27 |
| Blanking and Punching | p. 29 |
| Blanking and Punching Mechanism | p. 29 |
| Blanking and Punching Clearances | p. 31 |
| Punch Force | p. 33 |
| Punch and Die with Parallel Cut Edges | p. 33 |
| Punch and Die with Bevel-cut Edges | p. 34 |
| Material Economy | p. 35 |
| Scrap Strip Layouts | p. 35 |
| Altering the Design of the Workpiece | p. 37 |
| Multi-line Layout | p. 37 |
| Utilizing Scrap from One Piece as Material for Another Piece | p. 38 |
| Shaving | p. 39 |
| Shaving a Punched Workpiece | p. 39 |
| Shaving a Blanked Workpiece | p. 43 |
| Bending | p. 45 |
| Introduction | p. 45 |
| Mechanics of Bending | p. 45 |
| Moment of Bending | p. 46 |
| Moment of Bending in Elastic-Plastic Domain | p. 49 |
| The Moment of Bending in the Purely Plastic Domain | p. 50 |
| Bending Forces | p. 51 |
| Force for a U-die | p. 51 |
| Forces for a Wiping Die | p. 52 |
| Forces for a V-die | p. 53 |
| Curling | p. 55 |
| Three-Roll Forming | p. 56 |
| Bend Radius | p. 57 |
| Minimum Bend Radius | p. 57 |
| Maximum Bend Radius | p. 59 |
| Bend Allowance | p. 60 |
| Springback | p. 64 |
| Clearance | p. 67 |
| Deep Drawing | p. 69 |
| Introduction | p. 69 |
| Mechanics of Deep Drawing | p. 70 |
| Deep Drawability | p. 72 |
| Forces | p. 74 |
| First Drawing Operation | p. 74 |
| Subsequent Drawing Operations | p. 75 |
| Blank Calculations for Symmetrical Shells | p. 76 |
| Determining Shape of Blank for Nonsymmetrical Shells | p. 78 |
| Rectangular Shells | p. 78 |
| Square Shells | p. 81 |
| Drawing Practice | p. 82 |
| Defects During Deep Drawing | p. 82 |
| Lubrication in Drawing | p. 82 |
| Various Forming Processes | p. 85 |
| Stretch Forming | p. 85 |
| Nosing | p. 87 |
| Expanding | p. 92 |
| Dimpling | p. 94 |
| Spinning | p. 96 |
| Flexible Die Forming | p. 99 |
| Force in Die Forming | p. 99 |
| Die Design | p. 101 |
| Basic Die Classifications and Components | p. 103 |
| Die Classifications | p. 103 |
| Basic Die Components | p. 105 |
| Blanking and Punching Dies | p. 109 |
| Introduction | p. 109 |
| Die Blocks | p. 110 |
| Die Opening Profile | p. 110 |
| Fastening to the Die Shoe | p. 111 |
| Sectioned Die | p. 112 |
| Calculation of Die Block Dimensions | p. 113 |
| Punches | p. 116 |
| Punch Face Geometry | p. 116 |
| Methods for Assembling Punches | p. 116 |
| Punch Calculations | p. 118 |
| Stripper Plates | p. 120 |
| Stripper Force | p. 120 |
| Stripper Design | p. 121 |
| Die Components for Guiding and Stopping | p. 124 |
| Stock Guides and Guide Rails | p. 124 |
| Die Stops and French Notch Punch | p. 126 |
| Positioning the Individual Blank | p. 127 |
| Pilots | p. 128 |
| Center of Die Pressure | p. 129 |
| Examples of Couting Die Designs | p. 131 |
| Bending Dies | p. 135 |
| Introduction | p. 135 |
| Simple Die Designs | p. 135 |
| U-Profile Bend Dies | p. 135 |
| V-profile Bend Dies | p. 137 |
| Universal Bending Dies | p. 138 |
| Dies of Complex Design | p. 139 |
| Closing Profile Dies | p. 139 |
| Special Bending Dies | p. 139 |
| Curling and Hinge Dies | p. 141 |
| Tube-forming Dies | p. 142 |
| Multiple-bend Dies | p. 144 |
| Combination Dies | p. 144 |
| Progressive Dies | p. 145 |
| Deep Drawing Dies | p. 147 |
| Introduction | p. 147 |
| Draw Rings | p. 147 |
| Draw Rings with Corner Radius | p. 147 |
| Draw Rings with Conical Profile | p. 149 |
| Clearances and Tolerances | p. 151 |
| Calculation of the Dimensions of the Punch and Die | p. 151 |
| Blank Holders | p. 154 |
| Blank Holders | p. 154 |
| Blank Holder Pressure | p. 155 |
| Blank Holder Force | p. 155 |
| Draw Beads | p. 156 |
| Single-operation Dies | p. 158 |
| Multi-operation Dies | p. 160 |
| Progressive Dies | p. 160 |
| Drawing Dies for Pieces of Spherical and Parabolic Shape | p. 162 |
| Ironing Dies | p. 164 |
| Various Forming Dies | p. 167 |
| Nosing Dies | p. 167 |
| Expanding and Bulging Dies | p. 170 |
| Expanding Dies | p. 170 |
| Bulging Dies | p. 171 |
| Flanging Dies | p. 172 |
| Tool and Die Materials | p. 175 |
| Introduction | p. 175 |
| Carbon and Alloy Steels | p. 175 |
| Designations for Carbon and Alloy Steels | p. 176 |
| Effects of Various Alloy Elements in Steels | p. 176 |
| Carbon Steels | p. 176 |
| Alloy Steels | p. 177 |
| Machinability of Steels | p. 177 |
| Mechanical Properties of Steels | p. 178 |
| Applications of Carbon and Alloy Steels | p. 179 |
| Tool and Die Steels | p. 179 |
| Designation and Classification of Tool and Die Steels | p. 179 |
| Cold Work Tool and Die Steels | p. 181 |
| Nonferrous Metals | p. 182 |
| Nonmetallic Materials | p. 183 |
| Blank Diameter of Drawn Shells | p. 185 |
| Metric System Tolerances on Linear Dimensions | p. 189 |
| Miscellaneous Information | p. 199 |
| Glossary | p. 209 |
| Bibliography | p. 215 |
| Index | p. 217 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
