Silicon Biomineralization

Biology Biochemistry Molecular Biology Biotechnology

By: Werner E. G. Muller, Werner E. G. Mueller, Werner E. G. M]ller (Editor)

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Hardcover | 23 July 2003

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356 Pages

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24.13 x 15.88 x 2.54

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During evolution silica deposition has been used in Protozoa, Metazoa and in plants as skeletal elements. It appears that the mechanisms for the formation of biogenic silica have evolved independently in these three taxa. In Protozoa and plants biosilicification appears to be primarily driven by non-enzymatic processes and procedes on organic matrices. In contrast, in sponges (phylum Porifera) this process is mediated by enzymes; the initiation of this process is likewise dependent on organic matrices.

In this monograph the role of biosilica as stabilizing structures in different organisms is reviewed and their role for morphogenetic processes is outlined. It provides an up-to-date summary of the mechanisms by which polymeric biosilica is formed. The volume is intended for biologists, biochemists and molecular biologists, involved in the understanding of structure formation in living organisms and will also be very useful for scientists working in the field of applied Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology.

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Non-Fiction Nature & The Natural World Rocks, Gems, Minerals & Fossils Science Biology, Life Sciences Molecular Biology Biochemistry Medicine Other Branches of Medicine Pathology Medical Microbiology & Virology Engineering & Technology

Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology Life Sciences in General Ecological Science Wildlife in General Wildlife & Aquatic Creatures Freshwater Life

Organisms: Diatoms
Living Inside a Glass Box--Silica in Diatoms
Introduction	p. 3
Silica in Protozoa, Sponges and Higher Plants	p. 4
Phaeodaria	p. 4
Choanoflagellates	p. 4
Silicoflagellates	p. 4
Sponges	p. 5
Plants	p. 5
Living in a Glass Box--the Diatoms	p. 5
Biosilicification in Diatoms	p. 7
Conclusion	p. 8
References	p. 9
Components and Control of Silicification in Diatoms
Introduction	p. 11
Features of Diatom Cell Walls and Terminology	p. 12
Transport of Silicic Acid into the Diatom Cell	p. 13
Intracellular Silicic Acid Transport	p. 19
Micromorphogenesis vs. Macromorphogenesis	p. 20
Micromorphogenesis--the Nanostructure of Diatom Biosilica	p. 20
Control of Micromorphogenesis	p. 34
Macromorphogenesis--the Formation of Large-Scale Silicified Structures in the Diatom Cell Wall	p. 35
The Silica Deposition Vesicle--the "Black Box" in the Process of Silicification	p. 47
Conclusions and Future Prospects	p. 49
References	p. 51
The Phylogeny of the Diatoms
Introduction	p. 59
Approaches to Reconstruct Phylogenies	p. 60
The Diatom Silica Frustule	p. 63
Morphology of the Silica Frustule	p. 63
Taxonomy Based on Characteristics of the Silica Frustule	p. 67
The Phylogeny Inferred from Nuclear SSU rDNA Sequences	p. 69
Phylogenetic Relevance of Taxonomy and Frustule Characters	p. 69
The Radial Centrics	p. 72
The Bipolar Centrics	p. 72
The Bipolar Centric Toxarium	p. 74
The Araphid Pennates	p. 76
The Position of Pseudohimantidium	p. 77
The Raphid Pennates	p. 77
Phylogenetic Signal in Diatom Chloroplast Structure	p. 78
Phylogenetic Signal in the Life Cycle and Auxospore Ontogeny	p. 80
Gamete Formation	p. 80
Auxospore Development	p. 82
The Phylogenetic Position of the Diatoms Within Heterokonta	p. 83
The Ancestry of the Diatoms	p. 83
Origin of Pigmented Heterokontophyta and the End Permian Mass Extinction	p. 84
Origin of the Silica Cell Wall Within Heterokonta	p. 85
Historical Ecology	p. 86
Palaeontology and Phylogeny	p. 89
Conclusions	p. 92
References	p. 92
Silicon--a Central Metabolite for Diatom Growth and Morphogenesis
Introduction	p. 99
Silicon Uptake and Transport: Regulation and Influencing Factors	p. 99
Uptake, Transport and Soluble Pools	p. 99
Energy Requirement	p. 105
Factors Affecting the Uptake and Transport Processes	p. 105
Link Between Silicon Metabolism, Growth and Cell Division	p. 106
Coupling Between Silicon Metabolism and Cell Growth	p. 106
Cell-Cycle Regulation	p. 107
Diatom Morphogenesis	p. 109
Overview of the Morphogenesis Process	p. 109
Differentiation Programs Involving Silicon Morphogenesis	p. 111
Morphological Plasticity and Variation	p. 112
Size Reduction and Polymorphism	p. 112
Impact of Growth Conditions and Environment	p. 115
Light, Major Nutrients and Temperature	p. 115
Salinity and Osmotic Stress	p. 116
Trace Elements and Pollutants	p. 117
Regulatory Mechanisms in Silicon Metabolism and Morphogenesis	p. 119
References	p. 120
Organisms: Higher Plants
Functions of Silicon in Higher Plants
Introduction	p. 127
Beneficial Effects of Silicon in Different Plant Species	p. 128
Si-Accumulating Plants Versus Si Nonaccumulating Plants	p. 128
Accumulation Process of Si in Si-Accumulating Plants	p. 128
Effect of Si on the Growth of Si-Accumulating Plants	p. 130
Effect of Si on the Growth of Si Nonaccumulating Plants	p. 133
Functions of Si in Higher Plants	p. 134
Stimulation of Photosynthesis	p. 134
Alleviation of Physical Stress	p. 135
Radiation Damage	p. 135
Water Stress	p. 135
Climatic Stress	p. 137
Improvement of Resistance to Chemical Stress	p. 138
Nutrient Imbalance Stress	p. 138
Phosphorus Deficiency and Excess	p. 138
N Excess	p. 139
Metal Toxicity Stress	p. 140
Mn and Fe Toxicity	p. 140
Na Excess	p. 141
Al Toxicity	p. 141
Increase in Resistance to Abiotic Stress	p. 141
Disease	p. 141
Pests	p. 145
Conclusion	p. 145
References	p. 145
Silicon in Plants
Introduction	p. 149
Silicon in Monocots	p. 149
SiO[subscript 2] Deposits in Monocots	p. 150
Silicic Acid in Monocots	p. 150
Si in Dicots	p. 154
Si in Cell Walls	p. 156
Formation of SiO[subscript 2] Deposits in Plants	p. 157
Uptake and Long-Distance Transport	p. 158
References	p. 158
Organisms: Sponges
Silica Deposition in Demosponges
Introduction	p. 163
The Cells Involved	p. 170
The Axial Filament	p. 172
Extracellular Versus Intracellular Silica Deposition: the Role of Membranes	p. 178
The Process of Silica Polymerization	p. 180
Environmental Factors Modulating Silica Deposition	p. 184
The Future	p. 188
References	p. 189
Molecular Mechanism of Spicule Formation in the Demosponge Suberites domuncula: Silicatein - Collagen - Myotrophin
Introduction	p. 195
Sponges	p. 195
Spiculogenesis	p. 197
The Model Test System: Primmorphs	p. 197
Effect of Silicon on the Spicule Formation	p. 200
Silicon-Responsive Genes	p. 200
Silicatein	p. 200
Collagen	p. 201
Myotrophin	p. 203
Effect of Silicon on Silicon-Responsive Genes	p. 205
Inhibition of Biosilica Formation by Germanium	p. 206
Proposed Pathway for Spicule Formation	p. 207
Expression of Silicatein in Primmorphs and in Sponge Tissue	p. 208
Biosilica Formation	p. 210
Silicatein cDNA Expression	p. 210
Silicatein Enzyme Assay	p. 211
Effect of Iron	p. 213
Effect of Iron on the Expression of Ferritin, Septin and Scavenger Receptor in Primmorphs	p. 214
Conclusion	p. 214
References	p. 217
Biotechnology
Biotechnological Advances in Biosilicification
Introduction	p. 225
Silicon Transport in Diatoms	p. 227
Proteins Closely Associated with the Silica Wall of Diatoms	p. 230
Polycationic Peptides and Polyamines Accelerate Silica Condensation	p. 231
Employing Silica-Condensing Peptides to Fabricate Nanostructured Devices	p. 234
Polycondensation-Catalyzing, Structure-Directing Catalytic Proteins from Sponge Biosilica	p. 236
Structure-Directing Polycondensation-Catalyzing Diblock Copolypeptides	p. 239
Gene Expression During Sponge Development	p. 240
The Biological Precursor for Silica Synthesis	p. 241
Recognition of Inorganic Compounds Using Phage Display	p. 241
Future Prospects	p. 244
References	p. 245
Silicase, an Enzyme Which Degrades Biogenous Amorphous Silica: Contribution to the Metabolism of Silica Deposition in the Demosponge Suberites domuncula
Introduction	p. 249
Siliceous Spicule Turnover	p. 250
Screening for Silica Degrading Enzymes	p. 251
The Model Test System: Primmorphs	p. 251
"Differential Display" of Transcripts	p. 252
Cloning of the Gene Encoding the Silicase	p. 253
Silicase	p. 254
Phylogenetic Analysis of Silicase	p. 255
Cloning of a Marker Gene of the Intermediary Metabolism	p. 255
Preparation of Recombinant Silicase	p. 258
Enzymatic Activities of Recombinant Silicase	p. 258
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity	p. 259
Silicase Activity	p. 260
Expression of Silicase in Response to Silicon	p. 261
Proposed Mechanism of Action of Silicase	p. 262
Conclusion	p. 265
References	p. 266
Studies of Biosilicas; Structural Aspects, Chemical Principles, Model Studies and the Future
Terminology	p. 269
Introduction	p. 269
Structural Chemistry of Biosilicas	p. 271
Organic Matrix-Controlled Silica Production in Biological Organisms	p. 274
The Chemistry of Silica Formation	p. 276
Silica Chemistry in Aqueous Solution	p. 276
Effects of pH and M[superscript +] Ion Identity on Speciation in Aqueous Solution	p. 280
Silica Chemistry in Non-Aqueous Solution	p. 285
Solution Additives and Model Precipitation Reactions	p. 286
Rationale for Use of Model Precipitation Reactions; Experimental Approaches	p. 287
Studies of the Effect of Biosilica Extracts on the In Vitro Formation of Silica	p. 288
Biomimetic Studies of Silica Precipitation	p. 289
Other Areas of Interest	p. 290
Transport	p. 290
The Significance of Hypervalency in Biological Silicon Chemistry	p. 291
Future Directions	p. 293
Molecular Engineering in Diatoms	p. 293
Isolation and Identification: Labelling	p. 293
Theoretical Studies	p. 294
Conclusions	p. 295
References	p. 296
Silicon Biomineralisation: Towards Mimicking Biogenic Silica Formation in Diatoms
Introduction	p. 301
Biochemical and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Diatomaceous Silica	p. 303
Organic Composition	p. 303
Chemical Aspects	p. 304
Principles of Silica Synthesis	p. 304
Silica Synthesis in Diatoms	p. 307
Nanoscale Structure	p. 310
Specific Surface Area	p. 310
Coordination of Molecules of Biogenic Silica	p. 311
X-Ray Diffraction and Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering	p. 313
Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering	p. 313
In Situ Silica Synthesis	p. 321
The Application of Templates	p. 321
Synthesis of PEG-Templated Silicas	p. 322
A New Concept: Mesophases in Structure-Directing Processes in Diatom Silica Biomineralization	p. 326
Conclusions and Future Perspectives	p. 329
References	p. 330
Subject Index	p. 335
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Silicon Biomineralization

Biology Biochemistry Molecular Biology Biotechnology

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Hardcover

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