Foreword | p. xv |
Preface: the rise of small arms into the international agenda - a debate in the context of global governance and human security | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
List of abbreviations and acronyms | p. xxiii |
Small arms, norms and the international agenda | p. 1 |
Norms in international relations: the case of small arms | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Objectives of, and approaches to, the development of this study | p. 9 |
Norms in international relations | p. 14 |
Norm-building processes in the evolution of the small-arms question on the international agenda | p. 29 |
The enlargement of the concept of security and changes in arms-trade patterns after the Cold War | p. 29 |
The initial impetus for norm building regarding small arms, 1990-5 | p. 34 |
Furthering norm building on small arms, 1995-2001 | p. 46 |
Developments, 2001-6 | p. 59 |
Leading international emerging norms | p. 63 |
The destruction and disposal of surplus weapons | p. 65 |
Introduction | p. 65 |
Weapons destruction: froin practice to international norm | p. 66 |
Accelerating norm development: changes in state practice regarding weapons destruction | p. 69 |
Categorizing main actors and their roles in the generation of knowledge on norm building regarding weapons destruction | p. 71 |
Consolidating norm development: path-breaking events | p. 76 |
Regional and international norm diffusion | p. 79 |
Main mechanisms of norm diffusion | p. 88 |
Regulating illicit arms brokering | p. 91 |
Introduction | p. 91 |
The Rwandan genocide: the catalyzing event for international norm building? | p. 93 |
The intricate issue of illicit arms brokering: explaining the obstacles to norm building | p. 95 |
The generation of knowledge as a prerequisite for norm building | p. 99 |
Categorizing the main actors | p. 100 |
Regional and international norm diffusion | p. 104 |
Main mechanisms of norm diffusion | p. 113 |
Norm emergence since 2001 | p. 115 |
Marking, tracing and record-keeping | p. 117 |
Introduction | p. 117 |
Marking weapons: from practice to emerging international norm - how did norm building occur? | p. 118 |
The eminent persons group: contributing to or obstructing normative development? | p. 124 |
Tracking international and regional norm building | p. 126 |
Main mechanisms of norm diffusion | p. 133 |
Norm emergence since 2001 | p. 134 |
Failed or weaker international emerging norms | p. 137 |
Creating a norm of transparency in small-arms transfers | p. 139 |
Introduction | p. 139 |
Enabling conditions for the norm on transparency to emerge in the post-Cold War period | p. 141 |
The path of norm emergence on transparency regarding conventional arms transfers in the post-Cold War period | p. 142 |
Norm development on transparency regarding small arms | p. 147 |
Regional and international norm diffusion and influence | p. 150 |
Main mechanisms of norm diffusion | p. 157 |
Norm emergence since 2001 | p. 159 |
Regulating civilian gun ownership | p. 160 |
Introduction | p. 160 |
Controlling civilian gun ownership: from domestic law to international norm | p. 163 |
The UN: the prime site for norm building | p. 165 |
Tracking institutional norm building | p. 167 |
Main mechanisms of norm diffusion | p. 174 |
Banning the sale of weapons to non-state actors | p. 177 |
Introduction | p. 177 |
The emergence of a failed international norm | p. 178 |
The international normative context for norm development | p. 179 |
Reasons for creating a norm on banning the sale of weapons to non-state actors | p. 182 |
Individual entrepreneurship and norm building | p. 183 |
Norm diffusion failure | p. 184 |
Reasons for norm-diffusion failure and the absence of norm-diffusion mechanisms | p. 187 |
Norm emergence since 2001 | p. 189 |
Findings and conclusions | p. 191 |
The making of international norms | p. 193 |
Introduction | p. 193 |
Implications of the rise of the small-arms debate for the study of international relations | p. 195 |
Competing international norms | p. 197 |
The role of soft law in the origins of norms in international relations | p. 199 |
Whither compliance? The way forward | p. 201 |
The constructivist research agenda on norms and the norms on small arms | p. 202 |
Norm entrepreneurs: key to the origins of norms? | p. 202 |
Activism and norm building-"pro" and "anti" gun NGOs | p. 209 |
Notes | p. 211 |
Select bibliography | p. 253 |
Index | p. 257 |
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